The interaction between bacteria and bile

Begley, Máire; Gahan, Cormac G. M.; Hill, Colin

doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.003

Cited by 1,503 publications

(1,552 citation statements)

References 260 publications

(415 reference statements)

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“…In turn, these organisms must be able to survive when exposed to the high concentration of bile salts in the intestinal tract. The detergent activity of bile salts permeabilizes bacterial membranes and can eventually lead to membrane collapse and cell damage (16,34,70). Factors that enable Bacteroides species to tolerate bile salts are important elements in their ability to survive in the gut.…”

Section: Cell Surface Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

2007

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SUMMARY Summary: Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).

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Section: Cell Surface Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteroides: the Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty

2007

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“…The microbial cells inside the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract are collectively called the GI microbiota and provide an extensive genetic function counterpart to the host genome (Savage, 1977;Albert et al, 1980;Adlercreutz et al, 1984;Ramotar et al, 1984;Cummings and Macfarlane, 1997;Cebra, 1999;Metges, 2000;Shanahan 2002;Begley et al, 2005;O'Hara et al, 2006;Wei and Brent, 2006;Yang et al, 2009). Previous studies have shown that GI microbiota is host-specific and GI tract region-specific (Zoetendal et al, 2004;Rajilic-Stojanovic et al, 2009;Jalanka-Tuovinen et al, 2011), aberrant in composition and stability in patients suffering from GI disorders such as Crohn's disease (Seksik et al, 2003), and associated to host energy homeostasis (Backhed et al, 2004;Ley et al, 2006;Turnbaugh et al, 2006;Backhed et al, 2007;Samuel et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins

et al. 2012

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota acts like a virtual organ and is suggested to be of great importance in human energy balance and weight control. This study included 40 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs to investigate the influence of the human genotype on GI microbiota structure as well as microbial signatures for differences in body mass index (BMI). Phylogenetic microarraying based on 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that MZ twins have more similar microbiotas compared with unrelated subjects (Po0.001), which allowed the identification of 35 genus-like microbial groups that are more conserved between MZ twins. Half of the twin pairs were selected on discordance in terms of BMI, which revealed an inverse correlation between Clostridium cluster IV diversity and BMI. Furthermore, relatives of Eubacterium ventriosum and Roseburia intestinalis were positively correlated to BMI differences, and relatives of Oscillospira guillermondii were negatively correlated to BMI differences. Lower BMI was associated with a more abundant network of primary fiber degraders, while a network of butyrate producers was more prominent in subjects with higher BMI. Combined with higher butyrate and valerate contents in the fecal matter of higher BMI subjects, the difference in microbial networks suggests a shift in fermentation patterns at the end of the colon, which could affect human energy homeostasis.

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“…As bile is known to induce cell membrane damage (Begley et al, 2005), and biofilms protect microorganisms from external damaging-agents (Flemming & Wingender, 2010), our observations lead us to propose that the bileinduced biofilm phenotype is an adaptive response to increased cell wall stress. In line with this, the inhibition of WTA synthesis by deletion of LytR-CpsA-Psr proteins has been shown to increase the basal expression of the 'cell wall stress stimulon', a collection of genes responsible for mounting a general cell wall stress-response in the presence of cell wall damaging-agents (Dengler et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%