The Interactive Association between Sodium Intake, Alcohol Consumption and Hypertension among Elderly in Northern China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a worldwide public health problem. We sought to examine the interactive association between sodium intake, alcohol consumption and hypertension among elderly residents of Inner Mongolia in Northern China.Methods: This cross-sectional study used the National Survey Data for Nutrition and Adult Chronic Disease in Inner Mongolia. The prevalence of hypertension was age standardized by direct method. Sodium intake and alcohol consumption were estimated using a weighing method and 24-hour recalls over three consecutive days. Hypertension was either self-reported or field-measured. Participants were categorized into six subgroups according to the sodium intake status and drinking levels. Logistic regression was used to determine the interactive effects between sodium intake and drinking on hypertension.Results: A total 820 elderly participated in the study, of whom 523 (63.80%, age-standardized rate 62.33%) had been diagnosed with hypertension. The mean sodium intake was 4.88g. Sodium intake and drinking excessively were both independently related to a higher risk of hypertension. Adjusting for confounders, there was interaction between sodium intake and alcohol consumption in the six subgroups, with the risk of hypertension being highest among the group with excessive sodium intake and excessive alcohol consumption, with an odds ratio of 3.639 (95% confidence interval: 1.666–7.947).Conclusions: The study highlights the interactive association between sodium intake and alcohol consumption with hypertension. Primary healthcare providers should take special consideration of those who are older age with hypertension in Inner Mongolia, especially those with an unhealthy diet including both excessive sodium and excessive alcohol intake.

Dietary Patterns for the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

“…Additional lifestyle modifications also have been pointed out to have a positive effect on specific cardiovascular risk factors and should be encouraged in specific patients. Reduction of salt intake and alcohol consumption has a moderate effect on BP lowering, which is improved in combination with weight loss and physical activity increase [66]. Moreover, a dietary pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, and low-fat dairy products (e.g., the dietary approaches to stop hypertension [DASH] diet) substantially lowers BP in comparison with the standard American diet [67].…”

Pola Konsumsi Berisiko dan Sosio-Demografi Sebagai Faktor Resiko Penyakit Hipertensi

“…Studi ini sejalan dengan studi di Selangor yang menemukan bahwa konsumsi tinggi garam memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi (Isa et al, 2021). Hasil studi cross-sectional di China terhadap penduduk usia ≥55 juga menunjukan hal yang sama bahwa ada hubungan antara konsumsi garam berlebihan dengan kejadian hipertensi (Nan et al, 2021). Hasil studi yang dilakukan Imelda dkk juga menunjukan ada hubungan antara konsumsi garam dengan kejadian hipertensi, dimana semakin tinggi tingkat konsumsi garam semakin tinggi risiko hipertensi (Imelda et al, 2020).…”

“…Studi-studi terdahulu menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan kejadian antara merokok dan konsumsi alkohol dengan kejadian hipertensi (Nan et al, 2021;Oddo et al, 2019). Meskipun begitu, studi ini menunjukan hasil yang berbeda dimana tidak ada hubungan antara perokok dan peminum alkohol dengan kejadian hipertensi.…”