“…Zhan et al [4][5][6] developed a three-dimensional (3D) rigidplastic FE simulation software package oriented toward NC bending processes for thin-walled tubes without considering springback, proposed a numerical-analytic method for prediction of the springback angle, and applied the method to the bending of stainless steel and aluminum alloy tubes. Li et al [7,8] and Gu et al [9,10], using both explicit and implicit FEMs, developed a whole-process simulation model for thin-walled stainless steel and aluminum alloy tubes, including the bending, mandrelextraction, and springback process, and carried out studies on wrinkling, flattening, and springback. However, much of the work done in the above investigations focused on pure bending, localheating bending, and NC bending of stainless steel and aluminum tubes.…”