The interglacial–glacial cycle and geochemical evolution of Canadian and Fennoscandian Shield groundwaters

Stotler, Randy L.; Frape, Shaun K.; Ruskeeniemi, Timo; Pitkänen, Petteri; Blowes, David W.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.006

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(192 reference statements)

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“…3) as it would shift the isotope signature of the residual water to the left of the GMWL (e.g. Stotler et al, 2012). Evaporation shifts it to the right of the GMWL, as observed ( Fig.…”

Section: Origin Of the Brinesupporting

confidence: 58%

“…The origin, time of formation, and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins and crystalline rock environments are still under debate (e.g. McNutt et al, 1987;Knauth, 1988;Herut et al, 1990;Frape et al, 2003;Starinsky and Katz, 2003;Leybourne and Goodfellow, 2007;Greene et al, 2008;Stotler et al, 2012;Bagheri et al, 2014). With respect to the origin and the time of formation of deep-seated brines, different scenarios have been invoked.…”

Section: Origin Of the Brinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For many sedimentary basins at high latitudes in North America and the crystalline Canadian Shield, the buildup and demise of Pleistocene ice sheets resulted in a considerable reorganization of groundwater flow systems (e.g. Person et al, 2007;Stotler et al, 2012). Shallow aquifers were flushed completely with glacial meltwater (Clark et al, 2000;McIntosh et al, 2012) and, in many places, relict meltwater is still found today (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Gerber

Vaikmäe

Aeschbach–Hertig

et al. 2017

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Analyses for 81 Kr and noble gases on groundwater from the deepest aquifer system of the Baltic Artesian Basin (BAB) were performed to determine groundwater ages and uncover the flow dynamics of the system on a timescale of several hundred thousand years. We find that the system is controlled by mixing of three distinct water masses: Interglacial or recent meteoric water (δ 18 O ≈ −10.4‰) with a poorly evolved chemical and noble gas signature, glacial meltwater (δ 18 O ≤ −18 ‰) with elevated noble gas concentrations, and an old, high-salinity brine component (δ 18 O ≥ −4.5‰, ≥ 90 g Cl − /L) with strongly depleted atmospheric noble gas concentrations. The 81 Kr measurements are interpreted within this mixing framework to estimate the age of the endmembers. Deconvoluted 81 Kr ages range from 300 ka to 1.3 Ma for interglacial or recent meteoric water and glacial meltwater. For the brine component, ages exceed the dating range of the ATTA-3 instrument of 1.3 Ma. The radiogenic noble gas components 4 He* and 40 Ar* are less conclusive butalso support an age of > 1 Ma for the brine. Based on the chemical and noble gas concentrations and the dating results, we conclude that the brine originates from evaporated seawater that has been modified by later water-rock interaction. As the obtained tracer ages cover several glacial cycles, we discuss the impact of the glacial cycles on flow patterns in the studied aquifer system. Virbulis et al., 2013), the latter of which estimated the hydraulic age of groundwater in the CAS to be on the order of several hundreds of ka to 1 Ma. In the light of such long residence times, it is crucial to consider the effect of repeated glacial cycles on the long-term evolution of groundwater composition and flow. Sampling the deeper parts of the CAS on a regional scale for chemistry, noble gases, and multiple dating tracers ( 81 Kr, 85 Kr, 39 Ar, 14 C, 4 He, 40 Ar) allows us to elucidate the evolution of the brine, mixing proportions of the different groundwater components, and the flow dynamics over the last 1 Ma.

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“…3) as it would shift the isotope signature of the residual water to the left of the GMWL (e.g. Stotler et al, 2012). Evaporation shifts it to the right of the GMWL, as observed ( Fig.…”

Section: Origin Of the Brinesupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Origin Of the Brinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Gerber

Vaikmäe

Aeschbach–Hertig

et al. 2017

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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“…Some authors (Herut et al 1990;Bottomley et al 1994 and1999) have suggested that these brines form by evaporation and/or freezing of sea water, and Starinsky and Katz (2003) describe a hypothetical setting of this process near the margins of continental ice sheets. Stotler et al (2012) argue against Starinsky and Katz (2003) and discount freeze-out as a mechanism for forming shield brines from sea water or from groundwater, apparently favoring waterrock interaction. Stotler et al (2012) argue against Starinsky and Katz (2003) and discount freeze-out as a mechanism for forming shield brines from sea water or from groundwater, apparently favoring waterrock interaction.…”

Section: Saline Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies by Frape et al (2010) in permafrost areas do not support the cryogenic origin of these brines. Stotler et al (2012) argue against Starinsky and Katz (2003) and discount freeze-out as a mechanism for forming shield brines from sea water or from groundwater, apparently favoring waterrock interaction. Other theories include intrusion of brines from overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks that have since been stripped away by glaciation and erosion, and long-term water-rock interaction including involvement with highly saline fluid inclusions (Fritz and Frape 1987 and papers therein).…”

Section: Saline Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Compilation and Review of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Stable Isotopes from Groundwater, Calcite Fracture Fillings, Mineral, and Whole‐Rock Sampling at Äspö, Sweden

Wallin¹,

Peterman²

2014

Groundwater

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Integrated isotopic and hydrochemical studies of groundwater at Äspö, Sweden, support mixing models involving deep saline water, low-solute infiltration, and Baltic Sea water. Carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope analyses of calcite fracture fillings indicate that paleohydrologic conditions were different than those of today in terms of the isotopic composition of water flowing through fractures. Sr isotopes of whole-rock and mineral (plagioclase, microcline, biotite, and epidote) samples are used to assess the effects of water-rock interaction. Biotite is a major reactant in the early stages of water-rock interaction. Strontium isotope systematics of groundwater from deep in the Hard Rock Laboratory, and underground research facility, and from low conductivity zones revealed a first order mixing line defined by a high-chloride saline component with 66 mg/L Sr and an ancient sea water component with approximately 4.5 mg/L. Dilution with low salinity recharge has produced groundwater with variable Sr contents and 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.7186 and 0.7160. Differences between Äspö and Laxemar groundwater are shown by trends in Sr concentrations plotted against 87Sr/86Sr. The Äspö trend shows increasing 87Sr/86Sr values with increasing concentrations of Sr, whereas the Laxemar groundwater trend shows little variability in 87Sr/86Sr with increasing Sr concentrations. These trends are controlled by the differences in 87Sr/86Sr composition of the saline end members in the two areas.

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Groundwater occurrence in cold environments: examples from Nunavik, Canada

et al. 2016

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The interglacial–glacial cycle and geochemical evolution of Canadian and Fennoscandian Shield groundwaters

Cited by 41 publications

References 131 publications

Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Compilation and Review of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Stable Isotopes from Groundwater, Calcite Fracture Fillings, Mineral, and Whole‐Rock Sampling at Äspö, Sweden

Groundwater occurrence in cold environments: examples from Nunavik, Canada

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The interglacial–glacial cycle and geochemical evolution of Canadian and Fennoscandian Shield groundwaters

Cited by 41 publications

References 131 publications

Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Using 81Kr and noble gases to characterize and date groundwater and brines in the Baltic Artesian Basin on the one-million-year timescale

Compilation and Review of 87Sr/86Sr and Stable Isotopes from Groundwater, Calcite Fracture Fillings, Mineral, and Whole‐Rock Sampling at Äspö, Sweden

Groundwater occurrence in cold environments: examples from Nunavik, Canada

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Product

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Compilation and Review of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Stable Isotopes from Groundwater, Calcite Fracture Fillings, Mineral, and Whole‐Rock Sampling at Äspö, Sweden