The internet of things: a survey

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a pervasive presence of interconnected and uniquely identifiable physical devices. These devices' goal is to gather data and drive actions in order to improve productivity, and ultimately reduce or eliminate reliance on human intervention for data acquisition, interpretation and use. The proliferation of these connected low-power devices will result in a data explosion that will significantly increase data transmission costs with respect to energy consumption and latency. Edge computing reduces these costs by performing computations at the edge nodes, prior to data transmission, to interpret and/or utilize the data. While much research has focused on the IoT's connected nature and communication challenges, the challenges of IoT embedded computing with respect to device microprocessors has received much less attention. This article explores IoT applications' execution characteristics from a microarchitectural perspective and the microarchitectural characteristics that will enable efficient and effective edge computing. To tractably represent a wide variety of next-generation IoT applications, we present a broad IoT application classification methodology based on application functions, to enable quicker workload characterizations for IoT microprocessors. We then survey and discuss potential microarchitectural optimizations and computing paradigms that will enable the design of right-provisioned microprocessors that are efficient, configurable, extensible, and scalable. Our work provides a foundation for the analysis and design of a diverse set of microprocessor architectures for next-generation IoT devices.

Barriers to the Development of Smart Cities in Indian Context

“…There are different technological developments related to the IoT and Cloud computing in smart cities (Li et al 2015;Petrolo et al 2017;Whitmore et al 2015). Li et al (2015) and Whitmore et al (2015) quoted in their research that IoT technologies will play key role in making cities more efficient and improving the lives of citizens. In this particular category, 'Lacking technological knowledge among the planners (TECH1)' barrier holds the highest priority.…”

The Internet of Things: a security point of view

“…The IoT is believed to be the future Internet for the new generation, which integrates various ranges of technologies, including sensory, F o r P e e r R e v i e w communication, networking, service-oriented architecture, and intelligent information processing technologies (Council 2008;Li et al 2014c;Lim et al 2013). However, it also brings a number of significant challenges, such as security, integration of hybrid networks, intelligent sensing technologies, etc.…”

“…The success of IoT depends on the standardization of security at various levels, which provides secured interoperability, compatibility, reliability, and effectiveness of the operations on a global scale (Li et al 2014c). The importance of IoT has been recognized as top national strategies by many countries.…”

“…Service-oriented architecture for IoT (Bi et al 2014;Li et al 2014a;Li et al 2014c) The security requirements on each layer might be different due to its features. In general, the security solution for the IoT considers following requirements: (1) sensinglayer and IoT end-node security requirements, (2) network-layer security requirements, (3) service-layer security requirements, (4) application-interface-layer security requirements, (5) the security requirements between layers, and (6) security requirements for services running and maintenance.…”

“…The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) is believed to be the next generation of the Internet and will become an attractive target for hackers (Li et al 2014a;Li et al 2014c;Roman et al 2011), in which billions of things are interconnected. Each physical object in the IoT is able to interact without human interventions (Bi et al 2014;Li et al 2014d).…”