The Interrelationship Between Nutrition and the Immune System in HIV Infection: A Review

Oguntibeju, Oluwafemi Omoniyi; Heever, W.M.J. Van den; Schalkwyk, F. E. Van

doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.4327.4338

Cited by 24 publications

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“…Regarding the analysis of micronutrients, most nutritional parameters were within normal ranges. Of note, the normal total protein profile of the large majority of our population indicates up-regulation of antibody production in an attempt to compensate ongoing immunodeficiency [ 36 ]. This is particularly plausible as recent findings suggest that diet can influence systemic markers of immune function and inflammation [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the immuno-virological response and the nutritional profile of treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients in the East region of Cameroon

et al. 2021

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Background HIV management remains concerning and even more challenging in the frame of comorbidities like malnutrition that favors disease progression and mortality in resource-limited settings (RLS). Objective To describe the nutritional parameters of antiretroviral therapy (ART) recipients (without nutritional support) with respect to CD4 count and virological failure. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2018 among 146 consenting participants enrolled in two health facilities of the East-Region of Cameroon. Socio-demographic data, basic clinical information and treatment history were collected; blood samples were collected by venipuncture for laboratory analysis (HIV-1 viral load, CD4 Tcells measurement and biochemical analysis) performed at the “Chantal Biya” International Reference Center”, Yaounde, Cameroon. The nutritional profile was assessed by using anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Data were analyzed using Excel 2016, Graph pad prism version 6; Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test were used; with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Median [IQR] age was 42 [33–51] years, 76.0% (111/146) were female and median [IQR] duration on ART was 54 [28–86] months. Of these participants, 11.6% (17/146) were underweight based on the body mass index and 4.7% (7/146) were at the stage of advanced weight loss. According to immunovirological responses, 44.5% (65/146) were immunocompromised (CD4<500 cell/μl) and 75.3% (110/146) had an undetectable viremia (<40 copies/mL). CD4 count inversely correlated with total protein concentration (r = -0.18, p = 0.005**). Viremia was inversely correlated with albumin (r = -0.21; p = 0.047*), nutritional risk index (r = -0.28; p = 0.013*), total cholesterol (r = -0.27; p = 0.007**), and positively correlated with total protein (r = 0.27; p<0.001**) concentrations. Conclusion In this RLS, with patients having about five years of ART-experience, malnutrition appears to be driven mainly by a poor BMI, indicating that about one of ten patients falls within this severe condition. However, the largely normal nutritional profiles should be interpreted with caution, considering local realities and food support programs in place. The present outcomes highlight the need for monitoring nutritional status of people receiving ART in RLS, toward the design of optimal food interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the immuno-virological response and the nutritional profile of treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients in the East region of Cameroon

et al. 2021

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“…Still, these deficiencies have been shown to be associated with renal impairment and dysfunction [39], more frequent opportunistic infections and a greater incidence of HIV-related mortality [40,41]. Possible mechanisms include increased intracellular oxidative stress, enhanced viral replication, and a reduction in the number of circulating CD4 lymphocytes associated with individual or accumulated nutrient deficiencies [42,43]. These mechanism, alone or in part, may contribute to the increased morbidity, more rapid disease progression, and the higher mortality seen in HIV-infected patients with micronutrient deficiencies [44].…”

Section: Effects Of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (Haart) On Some Serum Micronutrients and Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on some Serum Micronutrients and Electrolytes Levels in HIV Infected Patients in Southern Nigeria

Kester

Ray

Samson

et al. 2018

BJSTR

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Micronutrients and electrolytes deficiencies are prevalent among HIV-infected populations. The use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the other hand has been shown to increase the life expectancy of HIV infected individuals. The present study was designed to determine the effects of HAART on some serum micronutrients and electrolytes concentrations in HIV positive patients attending Emuoha General Hospital, Emuoha Local Government Area, River State, Southern Nigeria, six months post-therapy. A cohort of 163 patients comprising 111 HIV Positive subjects (25 males and 86 females) and 52 apparently healthy HIV negative controls (11 males and 41 females) were recruited for this study. HIV infection was detected using rapid tests Kits: Alere DetermineTM HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo Rapid Tests Kits (Abbot Rapid Diagnostics, California, USA), Uni-GoldTM Recombigen® HIV-1/2 (Trinity Biotech Plc, Wicklow, Ireland) and Chembio HIV 1/2 STAT-PAK® Rapid Test Kit (Chembio Diagnostic systems, New York, USA). The serum micronutrients and electrolytes levels of the patients were analyzed at diagnosis and 6 months after initiation of HAART using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and ion selective electrode automation, respectively. The outcome of this study show that the mean±SD HAART serum Vitamin A (8.02±0.70µg/dl), Vitamin C (1.21±0.42mg/dl), Vitamin E (0.41±0.02mg/dl), Zinc (89.20±4.73µg/dl) and Selenium (44.42±5.23µg/dl) serum levels of the HIV positive Patients were lower than the controls (9.70±0.93µg/dl, 1.73±0.16mg/dl, 0.67±0.09mg/ dl, 98.48±3.34µg/dl and 55.17±6.02µg/dl, respectively), but significantly higher (P<0.05) than the mean±SD Pre-HAART values (6.32±1.11µg/dl, 0.75±0.09mg/dl, 0.35±0.04mg/dl, 76.20±9.16µg/dl and 23.30±5.91µg/dl, respectively). On the other hand, the mean ± SD serum copper levels of the HAART HIV-positive subjects (31.66±2.33µg/dl) were higher than the controls (26.43±3.34µg/dl), but significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the pre-HAART (35.12±2.82µg/dl). Furthermore, the results also show that the mean±SD HAART serum Potassium (3.92±0.43mmol/L) and Sodium (134.50±3.27mmol/L) serum levels of the HIV positive Patients were lower than the controls (4.07±0.57mmol/L and 137.46±3.35mmol/L, respectively), but significantly higher (P<0.05) than the mean±SD Pre-HAART values (3.29±0.33mmol/L and 132.61±2.46 mmol/L, respectively). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the mean±SD Pre-HAART (98.92±5.65mmol/L) and HAART (99.59±6.53mmol/L) serum chloride levels of HIV-positive Patients and the Controls (100.42±6.28mmol/L). Also, there were no significant differences between the males and females in all the parameters measured, except for serum vitamin C and zinc levels. On one hand, while the HIV positive males' mean±SD HAART vitamin C serum level (1.46±0.36mg/dl) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of their female counterparts (1.14±0.41mg/dl), on the other hand, their mean±SD HAART serum zinc level (89.42±2.45µg/dl) was significantly lower than that of the female...

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“…Poor nutrition, however, reduces the immunity of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and results in a quicker progression to the AIDS stage [5,6]. An immune dysfunction as a result of HIV/AIDS leads to malnutrition, while poor nutrition decreases the immune system [7]. Undernutrition among PLWHA is known to be caused by depression, reduced appetite, and some common opportunistic infection such as oral thrush.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional status and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana: cross-sectional study of highly active antiretroviral therapy clients

et al. 2021

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Background Nutrition among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is essential in their care and management as it has implication for their immune function. We examined the nutritional status and associated factors among HIV positive clients accessing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) at a public hospital in Ghana. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 152 clients. Anthropometric measurements for weight and height were carried out in 2019. Data were analysed using SPSS 22.0. Descriptive and analytical statistics comprising frequency, percentage, and binary logistic regression were adopted in presenting the results. Results Seventy-nine percent and 74% of the clients had good nutrition knowledge and attitude, respectively. Also, 42% were malnourished (underweight = 13.8%, and overweight = 28.3%). Clients with primary (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.07–1.84), JSS/JHS (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08–0.84), SSS/SHS (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05–1.02) and tertiary (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08–0.88) were less likely to be malnourished compared with those with no formal education. Those with good nutrition-related knowledge were 56% (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.18–1.09) less likely to be malnourished than those with poor knowledge; this was however, not statistically significant. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of malnutrition among the clients which militates against progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets 3.3 and 3.4 of stopping AIDS epidemic and preventing premature deaths from malnutrition. Our findings justify the need for the implementation of innovative interventions by stakeholders in Ghana’s health industry to improve the nutritional status of people living with the disease.

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The Interrelationship Between Nutrition and the Immune System in HIV Infection: A Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Correlation between the immuno-virological response and the nutritional profile of treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients in the East region of Cameroon

Correlation between the immuno-virological response and the nutritional profile of treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients in the East region of Cameroon

Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on some Serum Micronutrients and Electrolytes Levels in HIV Infected Patients in Southern Nigeria

Nutritional status and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana: cross-sectional study of highly active antiretroviral therapy clients

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