“…Although contemporary pre-service teachers have grown up in environments with various digital technologies, they still lack the ability and skill to use technology in classroom contexts. They struggle to integrate pedagogy, content, and technology into their teaching, and lack support and role models (Nadelson et al, 2013). Thus, numerous studies have been conducted to address this problem through the development of TPACK among pre-service teachers (Alayyar, Fisser, & Voogt, 2012;Bilici, Guzey, & Yamak, 2016;Koh & Divaharan, 2011;Tokmak, 2015).…”