The Intersection of Self-Actualization, Entrepreneurship and Transformational Leadership: A Review of Maslow’s Perspective of Eupsychian Management

Abstract

An entrepreneur is someone often associated with venture creation, through what could be termed as bold undertaking; a process of treading an unfamiliar terrain characterized by overwhelming challenges known as entrepreneurship. Similarly the self actualizing individual is perceptive of possibilities and engaged in pursuits of interest that could otherwise be deemed unattainable by the multitude. These two, share commonalities akin to commitment to a purpose, meaningful enough to be sustainable and yet do not operate in isolation. They both work to inspire, motivate and organize people of shared vision in the direction of their dreams through transformational leadership. Interestingly too, there seem to be a point of convergence that characterize the seemingly varied motives, leadership style, and what could be seen as distinct set of attributions in the definitions of an entrepreneur and the self-actualizing individual. This possibility stems from the assumption that the quest for entrepreneurial success is more or less associated with the need for self actualization and forms the phenomena of interest this paper aims to explore with a view to establishing a meaningful convergence. Drawing from qualitative analysis of related literature and Abraham Maslow’s works in particular, effort has been made towards this end. The findings revealed a synchronized form of the phenomena with implications that resonate around Maslow’s Idea of Eupsychian Management with a recommendation for practical adoption of the concept.

The effect of HRM practices and employees’ job satisfaction on employee performance

“…Maslow posited that there are five primary classes of human needs, which are to be hierarchically satisfied: (i) physiological needs; (ii) safety and security; (iii) belongingness; (iv) self-esteem; (v) self-actualization (Akilu & Junaidu, 2015). In the organizational context, employees are able to gain job satisfaction and eventually, perform well when the organization provides a working environment that is conducive to fulfil these fundamental needs.…”

“…This theory highlighted various factors that motivate employees and how to structure their work accordingly (Singhapakdi et al, 2015). The organization that satisfies employees' needs for career development, job security, salary, and supervision is deemed to fulfil the first three basic needs of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (i.e., physiological needs, safety & security, and belongingness) (Akilu & Junaidu, 2015). Accordingly, various organizational functions of human resource practices influence job satisfaction among employees.…”

Fronteiras em Empreendedorismo: perspectivas teóricas e empíricas

“…O objetivo deste capítulo é discutir e apresentar um modelo teórico que defina um estilo de funcionamento cognitivo-comportamental para o empreendedor, considerando a Teoria Motivacional de Maslow. Na literatura do empreendedorismo, há comumente constructos pouco explorados ou não explorados suficientemente, como é o caso dos processos meta-cognitivos da autorrealização do indivíduo empreendedor (Akilu;Junaidu, 2015;Carland;Carland;Carland III, 1995;. Uma parte dos estudiosos trabalha o empreendedorismo como catalisador de mudanças na economia, através de inovações tecnológicas e novos processos de produção Oliveira, 2016).…”

“…O papel da paixão (afeto, emoção, satisfação e entusiasmo pelo que faz) como atributo inerente aos empreendedores (Cardon et al, 2005;Cardon, 2008;Cardon et al, 2013;Souza et al, 2016a) corrobora a disposição motivacional por meio da autorrealização. Na literatura do empreendedorismo, há uma gama enorme de estudos (para além dos já citados aqui) que relacionam o comportamento empreendedor à natureza da autorrealização enquanto elemento motivacional essencial para a atividade de empreender (p.ex., Akilu;Junaidu, 2015;Daros, 2005;Pang;Fu, 2019;Hashim;Othman;Abdullah, 2010;Heydari;Madani;Rostami, 2013;Jonathan;Silva, 2007;Machado;Gimenez, 2000;Schindehutte;Allen, 2006;Novitasari;Amboningtyas;Hasiholan, 2020;Parreira, 2015), embora haja poucas pesquisas empíricas de mapeamento da autorrealização em empreendedores (p.ex., Carland;Carland;Carland III, 1995;. Portanto, este capítulo avança nesse sentido.…”

“Self-Fulfillment” Sebagai Entrepreneurism Pelaku Usaha Mikro (Studi Etnografi Pada Pemilik Warung Kopi Empat Saudara)

“…Hal tersebut dikarenakan keputusan seorang entrepreneur untuk berjuang seorang diri tidak muncul begitu saja, melainkan dipengaruhi oleh beragam faktor motivasional pada dirinya (Amorós dkk., 2021). Salah satunya adalah faktor psikis-filosofis seperti aktualisasi diri (Akilu & Junaidu, 2015;Gwangwazo, 2020) dan pemenuhan diri (Suhendro, 2020). Kato (2013) menemukan bahwa selffulfilment dan kesenangan secara emosional merupakan pendorong munculnya perilaku entrepreneurial.…”