The intestinal distribution pattern of appetite- and glucose regulatory peptides in mice, rats and pigs

Abstract

BackgroundMice, rats, and pigs are the three most used animal models when studying gastrointestinal peptide hormones; however their distribution from the duodenum to the distal colon has not been characterized systematically across mice, rats and pigs. We therefore performed a comparative distribution analysis of the tissue content of the major appetite- and glucose regulatory peptides: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-2), oxyntomodulin/glicentin, neurotensin, and peptide YY (PYY) from the duodenum to distal colon in mice (n = 9), rats (n = 9) and pigs (n = 8), using validated radioimmunoassays.ResultsGLP-1, GLP-2 and oxyntomodulin/glicentin show similar patterns of distribution within the respective species, but for rats and pigs the highest levels were found in the distal small intestine, whereas for the mouse the highest level was found in the distal colon. In rats and pigs, neurotensin was predominantly detected in mid and lower part of the small intestine, while the mouse showed the highest levels in the distal small intestine. In contrast, the distribution of GIP was restricted to the proximal small intestine in all three species. Most surprisingly, in the pig PYY was found in large amounts in the proximal part of the small intestine whereas both rats and mice had undetectable levels until the distal small intestine.ConclusionsIn summary, the distribution patterns of extractable GIP, GLP-1, GLP-2, oxyntomodulin/glicentin, neurotensin are preserved across species whereas PYY distribution showed marked differences.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1872-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion in patients after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass

“…; Wewer Albrechtsen et al. ). Our results suggest that CDCA is able to simultaneously enhance the secretion of several enteroendocrine cell products (GLP‐1, neurotensin, PYY), which could have synergistic beneficial actions with respect to appetite inhibition (Schmidt et al.…”

Diversity of enteroendocrine cells investigated at cellular and subcellular levels: the need for a new classification scheme

“…One radical species difference is that motilin is expressed in humans, dogs and cats but not mice, rats or guinea-pigs (Smith et al 1981; Sanger et al 2011). PYY is equally abundant in the porcine duodenum and distal colon, whereas it is not present in mouse duodenum, although it is abundant in mouse colon (Mortensen et al 2003; Cho et al 2015; Wewer Albrechtsen et al 2016). GIP is predominantly expressed in the upper small intestine across species.…”

“…GIP is predominantly expressed in the upper small intestine across species. In rat and pig, neurotensin is most abundant in the ileum and upper small intestine, whereas in mice it is equally expressed in the proximal colon as in the ileum (Wewer Albrechtsen et al 2016). CCK, which is generally assumed to be expressed in the small intestine only and is absent from human large intestine (Rehfeld 1978; Maton et al 1984; Martins et al 2017), is abundant in mouse cecum and proximal colon and is in lower amounts in the distal colon (Fakhry et al 2017).…”

The Importance of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Controlling Food Intake and Regulating Energy Balance

“…and co-secreted with GLP-1 and is also inactivated by DPP4 30 . Similar to GLP-1, OXM causes glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance in mice and humans with T2D despite acting as a GCGR agonist.…”