The intragenic approach as a new extension to traditional plant breeding

Rommens, Caius M.; Haring, Michel A.; Swords, Kathy; Davies, Howard V.; Belknap, William R.

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2007.08.001

Cited by 142 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Cisgenic plants are essentially the same as the traditionally bred varieties, and they might be easier to commercialise than the "problematic" transgenic plants (Schouten et al, 2006;Rommens et al, 2007). Critical opinions to these proposals also were clearly exposed, the uncontrolled P-DNA integration into the plant target genome can cause mutations or affect to the expression of other native genes, altering the behaviour of that cisgenic plants in an unpredictable manner (Schubert & Willims, 2006;Akhond & Machray, 2009).…”

Section: Cisgenesis the P-dna Technology And Multigene Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Fruit Species Transformation

Akdemir¹,

Gago²,

Gallego³

et al. 2012

Transgenic Plants - Advances and Limitations

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Section: Cisgenesis the P-dna Technology And Multigene Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Fruit Species Transformation

Akdemir¹,

Gago²,

Gallego³

et al. 2012

Transgenic Plants - Advances and Limitations

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“…With a restricted number of large crops like soybean, maize and cotton experience has been obtained. In the near future not only transgenes but also cisgenes and intragenes (Rommens et al 2007) will become available. All these gene types can solve problems in the short run and they all need serious consideration as will be discussed below.…”

Section: Traditional Plant Breedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intragenes (Rommens et al 2007) are composed of genetic elements originating from the crop species itself or from crossable plant species. Genetic elements are, e.g., promoters, coding regions, and DNA sequences that are similar to T-DNA borders from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.…”

Section: Transgenes Intragenes and Cisgenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cisgenesis, a New Tool for Traditional Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach

Jacobsen

Schouten

2008

Potato Res.

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Modern potato breeding requires over 100,000 seedlings per new variety. Main reasons are (1) the increasing number of traits that have to be combined in this tetraploid vegetatively propagated crop, and (2) an increasing number of traits (e.g., resistance to biotic stress) originates from wild species. Pre-breeding by introgression or induced translocation is an expensive way of transferring single traits (such as R-genes, coding for resistance to biotic stress) to the cultivated plant. The most important obstacle is simultaneous transfer of undesired neighbouring alien alleles as linkage drag. Stacking several genes from different wild sources is increasing this linkage drag problem tremendously. Biotechnology has enabled transformation of alien genes into the plant. Initially, transgenes were originating mainly from microorganisms, viruses or non-crossable plant species, or they were chimeric. Moreover, selection markers coding for antibiotic resistance or herbicide resistance were needed. Transgenes are a new gene source for plant breeding and, therefore, additional regulations like the EU Directive 2001/18/EC were developed. Because of a strong opposition against genetic modification of plants in Europe, the application of this Directive is strict, very expensive, hampering the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops and the use of this technology by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Currently, GM crops are almost the exclusive domain of multinationals. Meanwhile, not only transgenes but also natural genes from the plant species itself or from crossable plant species, called cisgenes, are available and the alien selection genes can be avoided in the end product. This opens the way for cisgenic crops without alien genes. The existing EU directive for GM organisms is not designed for this new development. The cisgenes belong to the existing breeders' gene pool. The use of this classical gene pool has been regulated already in Potato Research (2008) agreements regarding breeders' rights. We are proposing a step by step approach starting with a crop and gene specific derogation and monitoring towards a general exemption of cisgenic plants from the Directive. Two examples, i.e. development of cisgenic potato for resistance to Phytophthora infestans and cisgenic apple for resistance to Venturia inaequalis are discussed shortly for illustration of the importance of cisgenesis as a new tool for traditional plant breeding. Cisgenesis is simplifying introgression and induced translocation breeding tremendously and is highly recommended for SMEs and developing countries.

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“…However, molecular scientists have recently tailored and upgraded gene technology by developing techniques that make these modern plant breeding techniques more efficient and simultaneously more acceptable to the general public, such as cisgenesis (Rommens 2004;Schouten et al 2006a,b;Rommens et al 2007). A cisgenesis product is a transformed plant that only contains genes that are innate to the species or to a small group of crossable species.…”

Section: Trans-and Cisgenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cisgenesis Does Not Solve the Late Blight Problem of Organic Potato Production: Alternative Breeding Strategies

2008

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Average potato yields in Dutch organic farming systems vary from 15 to 29 Mg/ha and are limited by low input of nitrogen and severe late blight attacks caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. Under Dutch late blight regulations it is mandatory to kill the haulm at 7% infestation. The late blight attacks have been so early in the organic potato production of the past few years that its acreage is now gradually decreasing whereas consumer demand is increasing. Agronomic control strategies have limited success. First priority lies in breeding for highly resistant varieties to safeguard organic potato production in the Netherlands. Cisgenesis, however, is not an option for the organic sector. Although the product of cisgenesis does not contain genes from non-crossable species it is a result of a genetic engineering process which is excluded from use in organic agriculture. As the principles and standards of organic agriculture are process-based, cisgenesis does not comply with the norms and standards of organic agriculture. The arguments of the organic sector go well beyond the alleged risks of the gene technology and relate to the technology itself. Breeding at DNA-level, instead of at whole-plant level, violates the integrity of life as described in the concept of naturalness. The Dutch organic sector is now aiming at increasing the traditional breeding activities including the participation of farmer-breeders in close cooperation with the formal breeding companies. Additional selection methods need to be developed to include required traits other than late blight resistance, such as nutrient efficiency. Recently

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The intragenic approach as a new extension to traditional plant breeding

Cited by 142 publications

References 50 publications

Recent Advances in Fruit Species Transformation

Recent Advances in Fruit Species Transformation

Cisgenesis, a New Tool for Traditional Plant Breeding, Should be Exempted from the Regulation on Genetically Modified Organisms in a Step by Step Approach

Cisgenesis Does Not Solve the Late Blight Problem of Organic Potato Production: Alternative Breeding Strategies

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