Article (refereed)O'Connor, E.A.; Pottinger, T.G.; Sneddon, L.U.. 2011 The effects of acute and chronic hypoxia on cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations in different populations of three-spined stickleback. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 37 (3). 461-469. 10.1007/s10695-010-9447-y Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trade marks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.
ABSTRACTThe response of individuals from three different populations of three-spined sticklebacks to acute and chronic periods of hypoxia (4.4 kPa DO, 2.2 mg l -1 ) were tested using measures of whole-body (WB) cortisol, glucose and lactate. Although there was no evidence of a neuroendocrine stress response to acute hypoxia, fish from the population least likely to experience hypoxia in their native habitat had the largest response to low oxygen, with significant evidence of anaerobic glycolysis after two hours of hypoxia. However, there was no measurable effect of a more prolonged period (seven days) of hypoxia on any of the fish in this study, suggesting that they acclimated to this low level of oxygen over time. Between-population differences in the analytes tested were observed in the control fish of the acute hypoxia trial, which had been in the laboratory for 16 days. However, these differences were not apparent among the control fish in the chronic exposure groups that had been held in the laboratory for 23 days suggesting that these site-specific trends in physiological status were acclimatory. Overall, the results of this study suggest that local environmental conditions may shape sticklebacks' general physiological profile as well as influencing their response to hypoxia. 2 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Reduced dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water is an important environmental stressor for fish. Periods of low DO, or hypoxia, can occur as a result of many factors such as eutrophication, elevated ambient temperature and algal blooms. With climate-related warming of freshwater bodies predicted to continue (Bates et al. 2008;Johnson et al. 2009), a greater understanding of the response of fish species to consequent environmental factors such as hypoxia could prove beneficial (Gitay et al. 2002). The three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a highly adaptable teleost fish, ubiquitous throughout temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Their small size, widedistribution, short generation time and ease of care in captivity have made them a popular study species across a number of different disciplines including ecology, toxicology and molecular biology (Barber and Nettleship 2010; Katsiadaki et al. 2007;Colosimo et al. 2005). However, relatively little is known about how these fish respond to hypoxic stress.Previous studies indicate that the three-...