The Introduction of Knight Service into England

Round, J. H.

doi:10.1093/ehr/vi.xxiii.417

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“…Round's three articles on knight service, published in consecutive issues of the English Historical Review from July 1891, also later appeared, with some slight amendments, in his Feudal England (1895). They became significant because of their criticism of conclusions arrived at by Swereford about quotas of military service due from the barons to the crown, a matter of direct operational interest to the exchequer in the early thirteenth century.…”

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“…But, said Round, they were inaccurate: Swereford's methods of interrogating the material were ‘defective’, and he lacked the ‘requisite accuracy’; unlike Round, he was not seeking ‘abstract historical truth, but practical information bearing on the existing rights of the crown’. While Round's implied criticism of Swereford for using the Cartae as an administrative tool is a curious accusation to level at an administrator, his substantive argument for Swereford's overall unreliability was bound up with the latter's account of the ‘Great Scutage’ (or ‘Scutage of Toulouse’): ‘If [Swereford] is in error on this matter, his error is so grievous and so far‐reaching that it must throw the gravest doubt on all his similar assertions’. In other words, none of Swereford's calculations (of levels of knight service) was reliable because he was demonstrably incorrect in some places.…”

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“…While Round (on this occasion at least) acknowledged that, as a clerk working with near‐contemporary records, ‘the presumption is naturally in favour of Swereford's knowledge of his subject’, he also took the opportunity to emphasize Hall's reluctance to consider an alternative view; Hall ‘shrank’ (he reported) ‘from my drastic criticism’. Round's misgivings in this respect were probably generally known – he had told Lyte about Swereford's ‘frequently and grievously erroneous’ factual statements as early as June 1890, for example – and the disagreement remained relatively civil. There is no indication that Hall resented these particular attacks and he even referred to himself around the same time as Round's ‘homo ligius’.…”

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The dispute between John Horace Round and Hubert Hall over Hall's edition (1898) of the Red Book of the Exchequer became notorious for several reasons: because it forced a newly‐emerging historical profession to confront the strengths and weaknesses of ‘scientific history’; because of Round's unedifying behaviour; and because it was conducted publicly, through the periodical press and in private publications. The existence of that material has skewed the historiography; this account revisits the relationship between the two men in the early eighteen‐nineties and concludes that although Round was ‘correct’, the consequences of the affair were far more beneficial for Hall.

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The authors apply modern theoretical and statistical methods to the unique data source of Domesday Book (1086) to analyse the system of manorial production and the nature of the national tax system known as danegeld in eleventh‐century England. Domesday Book includes detailed information on land ‘ownership’, income, resources, and fiscal responsibility for almost every manor in 1086 and, in some cases, in 1066. As no other document of any period or country can match either its detail or comprehensiveness, William the Conqueror's survey provides a rich database for modern economists. By using methods not previously applied to this period, the authors provide a new interpretation of the Anglo‐Norman economy—the first since the work of J. H. Round and F. W. Maitland a century earlier. This classic study has been responsible for stimulating the interest of, and further research by, quantitative economic historians in the medieval period.

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The Introduction of Knight Service into England

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

TheRed Book of the Exchequer: a curious affair revisited

TheRed Book of the Exchequer: a curious affair revisited

Medieval English Conveyances

Domesday Economy

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