The invasion of two native Eucalypt forests by Pinus radiata in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

Williams, Moira C.; Wardle, Glenda M.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.03.011

Cited by 50 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Whether Pinus and Eucalyptus will become an important threat for Araucaria Forest is a matter of speculation. However, considering that both genera have successfully invaded many closed-forests around the world (Richardson 1998;Matthews 2005;Williams and Wardle 2005), it is not wise to rule out the possibility that the invasibility process in Araucaria Forest is still in the ''lag phase'' (Theoharides and Dukes 2007). Indeed, many temperate studies have shown that several decades can pass between the first introduction of an exotic species and its spread, although some studies suggest that the lag phase can be substantially shorter in the tropics (Daehler 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Exotic species of Pinus are well known open-habitat invaders (Higgins and Richardson 1998;Castro et al 2002;Le Maitre et al 2002;Matthews 2005). However, they also successfully invaded closed vegetation, such as native Eucalyptus forests in Australia (Williams and Wardle 2005), native forests of New Zealand (Ledgard 2001), andine forests in Patagonia, and temperate forests in northeastern Argentina (Matthews 2005). Eucalyptus is included in the invasive exotic species list of several countries (Higgins and Richardson 1998;Diez 2005;Lavi et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Araucaria Forest conservation: mechanisms providing resistance to invasion by exotic timber trees

Emer

Fonseca

2010

Biol Invasions

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Since only 12.6% of the Brazilian Araucaria Forest remains and timber tree monocultures are expanding, biological invasion is a potential threat to the conservation of natural forest remnants. Here, we test (1) the susceptibility of Araucaria Forest to invasion by Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus saligna, (2) the efficiency of different mechanisms controlling the early establishment of these two exotic timber tree species, and (3) the potential of the native timber tree Araucaria angustifolia to establish successfully in ecologically-managed monocultures of Araucaria, Pinus and Eucalyptus. In Araucaria Forest, more than a thousand Pinus seeds landed annually in a hectare; however, experimentally exposed seeds were 100% removed in only 6 days. Furthermore, all experimentally transplanted seedlings of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus saligna died in less than a year in Araucaria Forest, but not in the monocultures. Correlative evidence suggests that this mortality was associated to plant community richness, plant abundance, and soil fertility. Araucaria angustifolia, in contrast, showed an establishment success in ecologically-managed tree monocultures as high as that exhibited in its natural habitat. The current resistance of Araucaria Forest to invasion by exotic timber trees is good news for the conservation of Araucaria Forest remnants and for its keystone species. The understanding of the mechanisms providing such resistance against invasion points towards management tools for minimizing future threats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Araucaria Forest conservation: mechanisms providing resistance to invasion by exotic timber trees

Emer

Fonseca

2010

Biol Invasions

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“…Natural ecosystems invaded by pine occur in open phytophysiognomies or marginal habitats, such as grasslands, the vegetation of coastal sandy plains, dunes, scrubs, steppes, hilltops, savannas and lithological environments or disturbed areas in the pioneer stages of succession (Richardson and Bond, 1991;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Zalba and Villamil, 2002). The 21 invasive Pinus species (Petit et al, 2004;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Richardson, 2006), especially those of the sub-genus Diploxylon (Rejmanek and Richardson, 1996), are well documented to have high invasiveness in both the Northern (Richardson and Bond, 1991;Sturgess and Atkinson, 1993;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Catling and Carbyn, 2005) and, particularly, Southern Hemisphere (Chilvers and Burdon, 1983;Corbett, 1991;Richardson et al, 1992;Richardson et al, 1994;Rejmanek and Richardson, 1996;Richardson and Higgins, 1998;Richardson and Rejmanek, 2004;Williams and Wardle, 2005;Richardson et al, 2008;Langdon et al, 2010;Simberloff et al, 2010). Richardson and Higgins (1998) verified the regular dispersion of Pinus seeds up to 8 km from its matrices and, occasionally, a more distant dispersal up to 25 km.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii in Brazilian sandy coastal plain vegetation: implications for biological invasion

Bechara

Reis

Bourscheid

et al. 2013

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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Pinus is the most invasive woody taxon, exceeded only by herbaceous plants. This study reports the reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii Engelm. var.elliottii, describing its invasive properties in a protected natural area of the Brazilian coastal sandy plains. We evaluated the seed germination and rain, longevity of seed viability and the initial dynamics of the seedlings of Pinus elliottii var elliottii through field and laboratory experiments. We recorded a continuous seed rain of about 204.0 viable seeds m -2 per year, with a 90 % germination rate. The seeds exhibited a low longevity of viability in the soil and a dense, permanent seedling bank that may explain the high levels of pine invasion. The environmental impact caused by the pine's biological invasion suggests the recommendation for its immediate eradication, together with a restoration plan to restitute the native biodiversity gradually.

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“…Examples in New Zealand of conifers that invade seasonally or permanently open native forest include P. contorta in open forests at treeline in New Zealand (Wardle 1985a, b) and Pseudotsuga menziesii in canopy gaps in native Nothofagus forest (Maclaren 1996;Ralston 1997;Harding 2001, and references therein; Ledgard 2002).The invasion into gaps may threaten to replace native dominant trees (Harding 2001;Ledgard 2002). Pinus radiata has slowly invaded intact, native eucalypt dry sclerophyll forest in the Australian Capital Territory (Burdon & Chilvers 1994), New South Wales (Williams & Wardle 2005) and South Australia (van der Sommen 1978).…”

Section: Observed Impacts Outside South Americamentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: Lessons from other southern hemisphere regions

Simberloff¹,

et al. 2010

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The history of conifers introduced earlier elsewhere in the southern hemisphere suggests that recent invasions in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay are likely to increase in number and size. In South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, early ornamental introductions and small forestry plantations did not lead to large-scale invasions, while subsequent large plantations were followed with a lag of about 20-30 years by troublesome invasions. Large-scale conifer plantation forestry in South America began about 50-80 years later than in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, while reports of invasions in South America lagged behind those in the latter nations by a century. Impacts of invading non-native conifers outside South America are varied and include replacement of grassland and shrubland by conifer forest, alteration of fire and hydrological regimes, modification of soil nutrients, and changes in aboveground and belowground biotic communities. Several of these effects have already been detected in various parts of South America undergoing conifer invasion. The sheer amount of area planted in conifers is already very large in Chile and growing rapidly in Argentina and Brazil. This mass of reproductive trees, in turn, produces an enormous propagule pressure that may accelerate ongoing invasions and spark new ones at an increasing rate. Regulations to control conifer invasions, including measures to mitigate spread, were belatedly implemented in New Zealand and South Africa, as well as in certain Australian states, inspired by observations on invasions in those nations. Regulations in South America are weaker and piecemeal, but the existing research base on conifer invasions elsewhere could be useful in fashioning effective regulations in South America. Pressure from foreign customers in South Africa has led most companies there to seek certification through the Forestry Stewardship Council; a similar programme operates in Australia. Such an approach may be promising in South America.a ec_2058 489..504

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The invasion of two native Eucalypt forests by Pinus radiata in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

Araucaria Forest conservation: mechanisms providing resistance to invasion by exotic timber trees

Araucaria Forest conservation: mechanisms providing resistance to invasion by exotic timber trees

Reproductive biology and early establishment of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii in Brazilian sandy coastal plain vegetation: implications for biological invasion

Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: Lessons from other southern hemisphere regions

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