The Inverted “U-Shaped” Dose-Effect Relationships in Learning and Memory: Modulation of Arousal and Consolidation

“…Other peripherally acting agents that conduct ascending information through the vagus nerve demonstrate a similar inverted-U response [4,5,[135][136][137][138]. The precise mechanisms that underlie this response profile are not understood, but several explanations could account for the inverted-U response.…”

Section: Optimizing Vns Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Hays

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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Pathological neural activity could be treated by directing specific plasticity to renormalize circuits and restore function. Rehabilitative therapies aim to promote adaptive circuit changes after neurological disease or injury, but insufficient or maladaptive plasticity often prevents a full recovery. The development of adjunctive strategies that broadly support plasticity to facilitate the benefits of rehabilitative interventions has the potential to improve treatment of a wide range of neurological disorders. Recently, stimulation of the vagus nerve in conjunction with rehabilitation has emerged as one such potential targeted plasticity therapy. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) drives activation of neuromodulatory nuclei that are associated with plasticity, including the cholinergic basal forebrain and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. Repeatedly pairing brief bursts of VNS sensory or motor events drives robust, event-specific plasticity in neural circuits. Animal models of chronic tinnitus, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and post-traumatic stress disorder benefit from delivery of VNS paired with successful trials during rehabilitative training. Moreover, mounting evidence from pilot clinical trials provides an initial indication that VNS-based targeted plasticity therapies may be effective in patients with neurological diseases and injuries. Here, I provide a discussion of the current uses and potential future applications of VNS-based targeted plasticity therapies in animal models and patients, and outline challenges for clinical implementation.

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“…Even if the conceptualization of the inverted U-shaped curve is highly simplistic and unable to fully account for the complex relations between humans and their environment [85,86], the proposed model should be considered useful in a global context. Given this theory, we suggest that societies would derive some cohesive benefits from stressors inherent to the declining EROI of oil.…”

Section: Torrance's Model Applied To Future Decline Of Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Psychological Response of the American People to Oil Depletion and Declining Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

Lambert¹,

Lambert²

2011

Sustainability

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Abstract:Oil has played a crucial role in the United States' continued but increasingly tenuous economic prosperity. The continued availability of cheap, high energy return on investment (EROI) oil, however, is increasingly in doubt. If cheap oil is increasingly constrained, how might that impact the American psychological sense of personal and national well-being? We employ general systems theory and certain key paradigms from psychology and sociology to predict the possible societal response to global peak oil and the declining EROI of whatever oil is produced. Based on these frameworks, the following three defense mechanisms seem likely to be employed by individuals and groups within society if and when confronted with stresses associated with declining oil availability. These are: denial of one's passive helpless state, desire to establish a scapegoat, and arousal of affiliative needs and increased subgrouping. A group's "survival" is a function of its unified sense of direction and the stability of necessary interdependencies and linkages. We suggest that the ability of the U.S. society, taken as a whole, to adapt to the stresses derived from the declining EROI of oil will increase during periods of moderate stress, and then decline after reaching its maximum ability to cope with stress. The integrity of interdependencies and linkages-power, communication, affect, and goals-must be preserved for continued social unity. Americans will need to acknowledge the reality of biophysical constraints if they are to adapt to the coming energy crisis. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2011, 3 2130

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The Inverted “U-Shaped” Dose-Effect Relationships in Learning and Memory: Modulation of Arousal and Consolidation

Cited by 188 publications

References 71 publications

Stress Induction and Visual Working Memory Performance: The Effects of Emotional and Non-Emotional Stimuli

Stress Induction and Visual Working Memory Performance: The Effects of Emotional and Non-Emotional Stimuli

Enhancing Rehabilitative Therapies with Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Predicting the Psychological Response of the American People to Oil Depletion and Declining Energy Return on Investment (EROI)

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