The Isolation of Poliomyelitis Virus From Human Extra-Neural Sources.  Iii. Persistence of Virus in Stools After Acute Infection 12

Horstmann, Dorothy M.; Ward, Robert; Melnick, Joseph L.

doi:10.1172/jci101707

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For example, other studies have demonstrated that the pulse in Sabin detection rates after an SIA is typically only detectable in AFP for approximately 50 days [14], but with the increased sensitivity of ES, Sabin should be detectable for several months after an SIA (Figs 1B and 6). In fact, several studies have shown that ES has been able to detect Sabin for several months after OPV use [3,20,36–38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the sensitivity of the polio environmental surveillance system

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe polio environmental surveillance (ES) system has been an incredible tool for advancing polio eradication efforts because of its ability to highlight the spatial and temporal extent of poliovirus circulation. While ES often outperforms, or is more sensitive than AFP surveillance, the sensitivity of the ES system has not been well characterized. Fundamental uncertainty of ES site sensitivity makes it difficult to interpret results from ES, particularly negative results.Methods and findingsTo study ES sensitivity, we used data from Afghanistan and Pakistan to examine the probability that each ES site detected the Sabin 1, 2, or 3 components of the oral polio vaccine (OPV) as a function of virus prevalence within the same district (estimated from AFP data). Accounting for virus prevalence is essential for estimating site sensitivity because Sabin detection rates should vary with prevalence—high immediately after supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), but low in subsequent months. We found that most ES sites in Pakistan and Afghanistan are highly sensitive for detecting poliovirus relative to AFP surveillance in the same districts. For example, even when Sabin poliovirus is at low prevalence of ~0.5–3% in AFP surveillance, most ES sites have ~34–50% probability of detecting Sabin. However, there was considerable variation in ES site sensitivity and we flagged several sites for re-evaluation based on low sensitivity rankings and low wild polio virus detection rates. In these areas, adding new sites or modifying collection methods in current sites could improve sensitivity of environmental surveillance.ConclusionsRelating ES detections to virus prevalence significantly improved our ability to evaluate site sensitivity compared to evaluations based solely on ES detection rates. To extend our approach to new sites and regions, we provide a preliminary framework for relating ES and AFP detection rates, and descriptions of how detection rates might relate to SIAs and natural seasonality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the sensitivity of the polio environmental surveillance system

et al. 2018

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“…Connecticut. Information on duration and amount of virus excretion by patients with poliomyelitis has been included here from early studies done in an era when these tests were carried out in monkeys [Horstmann et al, 1946;Melnick, 19471. Vaccines, Prague. They were derived from a study by Janda et al [1967] on live poliovirus vaccines.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectivity liters of enterovirus as found in human stools

Melnick

Rennick

1980

Journal of Medical Virology

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Data have been gathered and collated from a variety of sources both published and unpublished, dealing with the concentration of enteroviruses in human stools. For polioviruses, a general range of 3.0-6.5 log10 TCD50 per gram of stool was reported, whereas for coxsackieviruses and echoviruses the range has been from 2.0-5.5 log10 TCD50. As human stools average about 100 gm, it is not unusual for an infected person to excrete as much as 10-300 million TCD50 of virus daily. The results of enterovirus titrations are significantly affected by the types of cultures in which the tests are conducted. With certain kinds of cultures (eg, human kidney for polioviruses), comparative tests showed titers to be at least one log unit higher per gram of stoll than the titers of the same strains titrated in monkey kidney cultures. Since almost all of the titrations included in this report were carried out in monkey kidney cultures, the concentration of virus in many cases may be assumed to be ten times higher than that reported. Some of the data collected also contributed information on the duration of enterovirus excretion. These data reemphasize the fact that a person in the course of an asymptomatic enterovirus infection may excrete the virus over a period of many weeks, with about 50% of those infected continuing to shed virus into the third and fourth weeks of infection.

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“…They found, using the original Sabin vaccines in a study which included infants, that types 1, 2, and 3 were excreted for average periods of 25, 25, and 35 days respectively. Decline in frequency of virus isolation with increasing time is also characteristic of infection with wild poliomyelitis virus strains (Horstmann et al, 1946).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination of Adults with a British Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine Prepared from Sabin Strains

Goffe¹,

Pollock²,

Shand³

1961

BMJ

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In 1956 Sabin described attenuated poliovirus strains of each serological type selected by passage in monkeykidney cultures and segregated by plaque purification. Oral vaccines have been prepa.red from these strains in many countries and have been used extensively in a variety of epidemiological conditions (Brit. med. J., 1961). There have, however, been few reports of the use in Britain of the Sabin vaccines. Vaccination of a small number of children with the type 3 vaccine was described by Clarke et al. (1958), and a Medical Research Council investigation among young children, using all three types, was begun in 1960 (Brit. med. J., 1960 Neutralizing antibodies in the sera collected from the participants before and after vaccination were titrated simultaneously by the colour test (Shand, 1961), using a range of twofold dilutions from 1/4 to 1/2,048. Titres are expressed as the reciprocal of the final dilution of the serum in the virus-serum mixture. A titre of less than 4 was recorded as no antibody. Virus solationsFaecal samples were brought to the laboratory by each participant within 12 hours of collection. Within two hours of receipt, extracts of the samples (approximately 10%) were made in tissue-culture medium containing extra antibiotics by homogenization and lowspeed centrifugation. Two tubes of monkey-kidney cultures were each inoculated with 0.5 ml. of extract. These cultures, already containing 1.5 ml. of medium, were left at room temperature for one hour; they were then emptied, washed once, and, after the addition of 2 ml. of fresh medium, incubated at 36.5°C. in a roller apparatus. The liquid phase of the cultures was harvested after seven days in the case of negative specimens, for passage to other cultures, or earlier in the event of the cytopathic effect of poliovirus, for serological typing. All strains isolated were serologically identified, either by complement-fixation test (Le Bouvier et al., 1954) or, when the test proved unsuccessful, by neutralization.The type 1 strains were also tested by a modification of the neutralization test capable of detecting minor antigenic differences between type 1 strains and of distinguishing the vaccine strain (LSc) as a subtype (Goffe and Shand, 1961).Results Pre-vaccination Antibodies.-Thirty-five sera taken before vaccination were examined; six had no antibody to type 1 virus, seven had none to type 2, and four had none to type 3. Twenty-four had antibodies to all three virus types and two were triple-negative. The distribution of antibody according to the history of vaccination with inactivated vaccine is given in Table I.

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The Isolation of Poliomyelitis Virus From Human Extra-Neural Sources. Iii. Persistence of Virus in Stools After Acute Infection 12

Cited by 29 publications

References 6 publications

Assessing the sensitivity of the polio environmental surveillance system

Assessing the sensitivity of the polio environmental surveillance system

Infectivity liters of enterovirus as found in human stools

Vaccination of Adults with a British Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccine Prepared from Sabin Strains

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