“…However, there is no way for any respondent to ascertain whether an organization would actually experience such outcomes, and thus this measure's construct validity seems doubtful in that it does not assess "magnitude (or even probability) of organizational effect", and certainly not in the way intended by Jones (1991); that is, as objective attributes of situations. Similarly, there seems no way for any individual to provide meaningful estimates concerning the likelihood of formal sanctions or other outcomes (Smith et al, 2007, p. 646), the extent of perceived "moral intensity" (a composite of Jones' situational characteristics as determined by respondents; e.g., Chen, Pan, and Pan, 2009;Valentine and Fleischman, 2003;Valentine, Fleischman, Sprague, and Godkin, 2010;Valentine and Bateman, 2011;Vitell, Bakir, Paolillo, Hidalgo, Al-Khatib, and Rawwas, 2003), or any component characteristic such as "temporal immediacy" (whether anticipated consequences of the questionable action in the vignette would occur immediately or much later) or "proximity" (to what extent are those affected by questionable actions similar to respondents themselves).…”