“…Our sample is small; however it is also complete in the sense that it comprises all juvenile female sexual offenders adjudicated in the Netherlands from 1994-2008. Frey (2010) conducted a literature review on juvenile female sexual offenders. She found that their families are characterized by moderate to severe dysfunctioning (Mathews, Hunter, & Vuz, 1997;Tardif et al, 2005) with many (>25%) shifts of caregivers (Roe-Sepowitz & Krysik, 2008) and inconsistent parenting (82%) (Hickey, McCrory, Farmer, & Vizard, 2008).…”