The Kappa Effect With Only Two Visual Markers

Kuroda, Takeshi; Grondin, Simon; Miyazaki, Makoto; Ogata, Katsuya; Tobimatsu, Shozó

doi:10.1163/22134808-00002533

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In a variant of the constant method, called the single-stimulus method, a participant makes a judgment after each interval presentation. This involves assigning the interval to one of two categories, short or long; there is no presentation of the standard on each trial (see for instance Grondin, Laflamme, & Gontier, 2014, Experiment 3;Kuroda, Grondin, Miyazaki, Ogata, & Tobimatsu, 2016). A classical method in the animal timing literature, called the bisection method, is a widely used variant of this method in human timing studies (Mioni, Meligrana, Grondin, Perini, Bartolomei, & Stablum, 2015a;Mioni, Zakay, & Grondin, 2015b;Penney, Gibbon, & Meck, 2008;Chapter 4, this volume).…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories, Methods, and Findings

Block¹,

Grondin²,

Zakay³

2018

Timing and Time Perception: Procedures, Measures, &Amp; Applications

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Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories, Methods, and Findings

Block¹,

Grondin²,

Zakay³

2018

Timing and Time Perception: Procedures, Measures, &Amp; Applications

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“…Note that β is usually used in detection tasks to express the tendency for participants to prefer responding one of the two alternatives. However, in the present study, this measure is interpreted as a sign of perceived duration; for example, if duration is perceived as longer, participants should respond “longer” more frequently than “shorter” (Grondin, 1998 ; Kuroda et al, 2016 ). β was calculated by the following equation:

The natural logarithm was adopted for keeping the linearity of scale.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 80%

“…d′ was estimated based on the signal detection theory (Stanislaw and Todorov, 1999 ; MacMillan and Creelman, 2005 ) to examine temporal sensitivity, following previous studies in time perception (Schulze, 1989 ; Grondin, 1998 ; Kuroda and Grondin, 2013 ; Kuroda et al, 2016 ) 2 . This dependent variable expresses how well participants discriminated between the −60 ms and the +60 ms comparison interval; a higher value indicates better discrimination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Looks of Auditory Empty Durations Both Improve and Impair Temporal Sensitivity

Kuroda

Yoshioka

Ueda

et al. 2018

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Discrimination of two neighboring empty durations that are marked by three successive sounds is improved when the presentation of the first (standard, S) duration is repeated before that of the second (comparison, C), as SSSSC. This improvement in sensitivity, called the multiple-look effect, has been explained by a statistical model regarding variability. This model assumes that the perceived duration of the standard is averaged across observations (within a trial within an individual). The increasing of the number of observations thus reduces the standard error of the mean perceived duration. Alternatively, the multiple-look effect is attributed to the listener’s prediction based on regular rhythm. Listeners perceive regular rhythm during the repetition of the standard, predict the timing of subsequent sounds, and detect a sound that is displaced from the predicted timing. These models were tested in the present experiment in which the main factor was a temporal separation between the standard and the comparison; i.e., these durations were adjacent to each other as SSSSC or separated by a temporal blank as SSSS_C. The results differed between stimulus structures. First, the multiple-look effect was replicated in the SSSSC condition (yielding a higher performance than SC), but disappeared in SSSS_C (having no difference with S_C). Second, no multiple-look effect occurred in CSSSS (no difference with CS), and moreover, an impairment effect was observed in C_SSSS (a lower performance than C_S). Finally, discrimination was improved in SSSS_CCCC compared with SSSSCCCC, the effect being kept even when sounds were aligned at irregular intervals. These findings are not consistent with those expected from the statistical model because the temporal separation should have produced no effects if the number of standards had been a sole parameter determining the multiple-look effect. The prediction-based model can explain the first finding; inserting a blank between the standard and the comparison violates the listener’s prediction based on regular rhythm, thus reducing the multiple-look effect. However, it did not expect the other findings and required revisions. Notably, the second finding indicates that the formation of regular rhythm can impair temporal discrimination. In other words, an inversed multiple-look effect occurs.

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“…A more fitting alternative interpretation involves the so-called kappa effect , which refers to the observation that the temporal interval between two markers is affected by their spatial distance (Kuroda et al, 2016 ; Price-Williams, 1954 ; Yoblick & Salvendy, 1970 ). Yet this explanation implies a sensorimotor or embodied framework in action.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

2021

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Sensing the passage of time is important for countless daily tasks, yet time perception is easily influenced by perception, cognition, and emotion. Mechanistic accounts of time perception have traditionally regarded time perception as part of central cognition. Since proprioception, action execution, and sensorimotor contingencies also affect time perception, perception-action integration theories suggest motor processes are central to the experience of the passage of time. We investigated whether sensory information and motor activity may interactively affect the perception of the passage of time. Two prospective timing tasks involved timing a visual stimulus display conveying optical flow at increasing or decreasing velocity. While doing the timing tasks, participants were instructed to imagine themselves moving at increasing or decreasing speed, independently of the optical flow. In the direct-estimation task, the duration of the visual display was explicitly judged in seconds while in the motor-timing task, participants were asked to keep a constant pace of tapping. The direct-estimation task showed imagining accelerating movement resulted in relative overestimation of time, or time dilation, while decelerating movement elicited relative underestimation, or time compression. In the motor-timing task, imagined accelerating movement also accelerated tapping speed, replicating the time-dilation effect. The experiments show imagined movement affects time perception, suggesting a causal role of simulated motor activity. We argue that imagined movements and optical flow are integrated by temporal unfolding of sensorimotor contingencies. Consequently, as physical time is relative to spatial motion, so too is perception of time relative to imaginary motion.

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The Kappa Effect With Only Two Visual Markers

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories, Methods, and Findings

Prospective and Retrospective Timing Processes: Theories, Methods, and Findings

Multiple Looks of Auditory Empty Durations Both Improve and Impair Temporal Sensitivity

Time to imagine moving: Simulated motor activity affects time perception

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