The Khazzan gas accumulation, a giant combination trap in the Cambrian Barik Sandstone Member, Sultanate of Oman: Implications for Cambrian petroleum systems and reservoirs

Millson, John A.; Quin, Jamie G.; Idiz, Erdem; Turner, Peter; Al-Harthy, Ahmed

doi:10.1306/02210807100

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Palaeozoic plays remain relatively unexplored elsewhere in the Middle East with, to date, one significant discovery in western Iraq, five Palaeozoic discoveries in Syria, two Ordovician gas discoveries in Jordan, a single important Ordovician gas and condensate discovery in northern Saudi Arabia (Whaley 2004) and three producing gas fields (Barik, Saih Rawl and Saih Nihayda) and one recent giant gas discovery (Khazzan) in the Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician low porosity-very low permeability Barik Sandstone Member in Oman (Millson et al 2008). There is also further deep potential in the Cambrian clastic reservoirs (Barik, Miqrat and Amin formations, Droste 1997) in Oman (e.g.…”

Section: Palaeozoic Plays In Other Parts Of the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is also further deep potential in the Cambrian clastic reservoirs (Barik, Miqrat and Amin formations, Droste 1997) in Oman (e.g. Millson et al 2008) and for Cambro-Ordovician, Devonian and Lower Permian clastic reservoirs in adjacent parts of Yemen. Reservoir quality appears to be a key issue for the Palaeozoic reservoirs in many of theses areas.…”

Section: Palaeozoic Plays In Other Parts Of the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Neoproterozoic to Early Cenozoic: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East

Craig

Grigo

Rebora

et al. 2010

PGC

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As the traditional exploration plays in the main productive basins of North Africa and the Middle East become more 'mature', attention is increasingly focusing on more challenging, older and deeper plays in the main producing basins and on high-risk, but more conventional, plays in under-explored frontier areas. This shift brings with it a range of technical and commercial challenges that must be addressed, if exploration in the region is to remain an attractive proposition.

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Section: Palaeozoic Plays In Other Parts Of the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Palaeozoic Plays In Other Parts Of the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Neoproterozoic to Early Cenozoic: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East

Craig

Grigo

Rebora

et al. 2010

PGC

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“…Although hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) is perhaps the least well-understood of the major stratification types, it is widely interpreted as being the deposit of large-scale ripples. It is also routinely linked to powerful oscillatory flows partly as a result of its prevalence in ancient lower shoreface and shallow shelf facies (Harms et al, 1975;Bourgeois, 1980;Howard & Reineck, 1981;Dott & Bourgeois, 1982;Allen, 1985;Allen & Pound, 1985;Duke, 1985Duke, , 1987Swift & Nummedal, 1987;Brenchley, 1989;Winn, 1990;Duke et al, 1991;Myrow, 1992a,b;Brenchley et al, 1993;Cheel & Leckie, 1993;Martel & Gibling, 1994;Ito et al, 2001;Clifton, 2006;Yang et al, 2006;Millson et al, 2008;Keumsuk et al, 2009). As this paper highlights, however, there are actually many difficulties with linking normal isotropic HCS to a large-scale ripple origin and, while it may normally be the case that HCS generation requires the presence of oscillatory flows, HCS-like structures occasionally have been recorded from deep-water turbidite sandstone beds (Prave & Duke, 1990;Mulder et al, 2009) and even fluvial deposits (Cotter & Graham, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is most hummocky cross‐stratification formed by large‐scale ripples?

Quin¹

2011

Sedimentology

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Although normal isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification is commonly interpreted to be the deposit of large‐scale ripples, there are many reasons why this may not usually be the case. These reasons include: (i) that the stratification produced by large‐scale ripples does not particularly look like isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification; (ii) that it is difficult reconciling the abundance of HCS with the restricted hydraulic stability of large‐scale ripples in silt to fine sand (i.e. the grain sizes in which hummocky cross‐stratification is usually found); (iii) that the distribution of hummocky cross‐stratification within ancient storm beds is not the distribution that would be expected from large‐scale ripples; (iv) that the flows calculated to have formed ancient examples of hummocky cross‐stratification would be expected to generate an upper stage plane bed rather than ripples; and (v) that it is difficult to explain why large‐scale ripples would predominate in the proximal parts of storm beds when modern storm flows commonly exceed the threshold for entrainment. In contrast to the various hypotheses which propose that isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification is generated by ripples, an alternative hypothesis which suggests that it is generated by instabilities, does seem to adequately explain the origin of hummocky cross‐stratification. However, it is difficult to accept this hypothesis given that the origin of the proposed instabilities is unproven. These conclusions highlight the continued uncertainty regarding the process, which generates hummocky cross‐stratification.

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“…These could be detrital or have formed slowly in situ in an oxidising environment (Ziegler & McKerrow, 1975;Turner, 1979). Shales of the subsurface Mabrouk Formation are described as redbrown in the Ghaba Salt Basin (Forbes et al 2010), and marine claystones and siltstones of the Barik Sandstone Formation are red in the subsurface and at outcrop at Qarn Mahatta Humaid (Millson et al 2008;Figs 1a and 2). The thin carbonate beds in unit 1.2 are developed where the interval is shaliest, with the highest K and Th, and where one would interpret the deepest water conditions (probably only a few tens of metres).…”

Section: B Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Early Ordovician Middle Shale Member (Am3) of the Amdeh Formation and further evidence of conodont faunas from the Sultanate of Oman

Heward¹,

Miller

Booth

2018

Geol. Mag.

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The Middle Shale Member of the Amdeh Formation is interpreted to be of Early Ordovician age based on its trace fossils, stratigraphic context and a newly discovered fauna of conodonts. The member abruptly overlies the Lower Quartzite Member, which may be Early Cambrian, and passes gradationally-upward into the Upper Quartzite Member, which is probably Early–Middle Ordovician. The 542.5 m thick Middle Shale Member can be divided into two parts: a shaly lower part, and a sandy upper part that contains an influx of heavy minerals. Bioturbation by marine trace fossils is one of the most obvious characteristics of the member. The shales and sandstones are interpreted to be of Cruziana and Skolithos ichnofacies and represent shallow-marine shelf, shoreface, beach and coastal deposits. Sparse shelly fossils occur in the sandy upper part, principally bivalves, inarticulate brachiopods, ostracods and conodonts. The small assemblage of conodonts includes elements interpreted to be Tremadocian (Tetraprioniodus, Drepanoistodus, Drepanodus, Scolopodus, ?Tropodus, Semiacontiodus and Teridontus), and others which may be Floian or ancestral forms of Floian taxa (Balognathidae gen. et sp. indet. A & B and aff. Erraticodon). No acritarchs have been recovered, probably due to high temperatures experienced during burial to >6 km. It is likely that the Middle Shale Member is the seaward equivalent of the Mabrouk and Barakat formations, and an outcrop gamma-ray log supports such a correlation. The trace fossils, sedimentology, conodont fauna and the general lack of macrofossils are in keeping with the regional Tremadocian–Floian of the Arabian margin of Gondwana.

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The Khazzan gas accumulation, a giant combination trap in the Cambrian Barik Sandstone Member, Sultanate of Oman: Implications for Cambrian petroleum systems and reservoirs

Cited by 32 publications

References 20 publications

From Neoproterozoic to Early Cenozoic: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East

From Neoproterozoic to Early Cenozoic: exploring the potential of older and deeper hydrocarbon plays across North Africa and the Middle East

Is most hummocky cross‐stratification formed by large‐scale ripples?

The Early Ordovician Middle Shale Member (Am3) of the Amdeh Formation and further evidence of conodont faunas from the Sultanate of Oman

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