The kinematics and kinetics of riding a racehorse: A quantitative comparison of a training simulator and real horses

In the last few decades, a number of technological developments have advanced the spread of wearable sensors for the assessment of human motion. These sensors have been also developed to assess athletes’ performance, providing useful guidelines for coaching, as well as for injury prevention. The data from these sensors provides key performance outcomes as well as more detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data that provides insight into how the performance was obtained. From this perspective, inertial sensors, force sensors, and electromyography appear to be the most appropriate wearable sensors to use. Several studies were conducted to verify the feasibility of using wearable sensors for sport applications by using both commercially available and customized sensors. The present study seeks to provide an overview of sport biomechanics applications found from recent literature using wearable sensors, highlighting some information related to the used sensors and analysis methods. From the literature review results, it appears that inertial sensors are the most widespread sensors for assessing athletes’ performance; however, there still exist applications for force sensors and electromyography in this context. The main sport assessed in the studies was running, even though the range of sports examined was quite high. The provided overview can be useful for researchers, athletes, and coaches to understand the technologies currently available for sport performance assessment.

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“…legs and hips to isolate their centre of mass and dampen the effects of the horse's movement[67].3.2.6. Instrumented Baseball.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Taborri

Keogh

Kos

et al. 2020

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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“…This study could be improved further by investigating sitting trot which would help to determine if the peak pressures observed were as a function of riding position (rising trot) or / and saddle roll. In canter, peak pressures occurred during the stance phase of the diagonal pair (inside hind limb and outside forelimb) and leading forelimb, this could be related to the ground reaction forces of the diagonal pair, rotation of the thorax, thoracolumbar kinematics and influence of the rider (23). The…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In gallop, during the stance phase of the lead hind limb, the horse's trunk displaces laterally away from the leading hind limb. The peak forces in the stirrup have been reported to be higher on the contralateral side to the leading limb, likely in an attempt for the jockey to maintain their centre of mass as close to the midline of the horse, in doing so the jockey pushes against the stirrup on the opposite side to the leading limb (23). Although these findings are in gallop, it seems reasonable to assume that similar mechanics could be applied in canter; saddle rolling away from the leading hind limb, likely affecting thoracolumbar kinematics and creating asymmetric pressures beneath the saddle and consequently affecting rider positioning.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Saddle and Rider Kinematics, Horse Locomotion, and Thoracolumbar Pressures in Sound Horses

MacKechnie-Guire

Mackechnie-Guire²,

Fisher

et al. 2018

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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“…16 Walker et al found that the simulator had significantly smaller mediolateral and dorsal-ventral displacements than a real horse. 9 To enlarge the workspace and improve the orientation capability, the size of the parallel mechanism must be large, in which case the device becomes too big, and interference may occur between the device and the rider's body. To solve this problem, we propose a new horseback-riding simulator based on the concept of an HKM.…”

Section: Horseback-riding Simulator Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Even though horseback-riding simulators have successfully been used as a substitute for real horses, recent research studies have highlighted significant differences in motion between a real horse and simulators. [9][10][11] Walker et al measured the displacement at the saddle and found that a simulator had smaller movements than a real horse in specific directions. 9 This difference may not be a problem if the simulator is just used for entertainment or fitness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new robotic horseback-riding simulator for riding lessons and equine-assisted therapy

Lee¹,

Lee

et al. 2018

International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems

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Robotic horseback-riding simulators have been successfully used as a substitute for real horses in areas of therapy, riding lessons, fitness, and entertainment, and several have been developed. However, recent research has illuminated significant differences in motion, response, and feel between a real horse and a simulator, which may result in incorrect posture and muscle memory for the rider. In this study, we developed a hybrid kinematic structure horseback-riding simulator to provide more realistic motion than currently available ones. The basic system has 4 degrees of freedom and provides a base motion platform. An additional revolving system with 2 degrees of freedom is mounted on the base platform. Real horse motion data were captured, normalized, filtered, and fitted to provide the motion trajectory. Furthermore, active neck, saddle, and tail mechanisms were implemented to provide realistic simulation. For interactive horse riding, bridle and beat sensors were included to control the simulator motion and a large screen was installed for virtual reality effect. Expert tests were conducted to evaluate the developed horseback-riding system, the results of which indicated that the developed simulator was considered sufficient for riding lessons and therapeutic use.

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The kinematics and kinetics of riding a racehorse: A quantitative comparison of a training simulator and real horses

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview

Relationship Between Saddle and Rider Kinematics, Horse Locomotion, and Thoracolumbar Pressures in Sound Horses

A new robotic horseback-riding simulator for riding lessons and equine-assisted therapy

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