The Kirkuk Conundrum

Natali, Denise

doi:10.1080/17449050802443323

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In addition, the Kurdistan Region claims the three so-called disputed territories: the Nineveh Governorate, the Kirkuk Governorate, and the Diyala Governorate, as well as the Makhmur District (which is part of the Erbil governorate) as part of their region (see Figure 2) (Bartu 2010;Natali 2008;Romano 2007;Wolff 2010).…”

Section: Kurdistan Region Energy Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Kurdistan Regional Government–Turkish energy relations: a complex partnership

Paasche

Mansurbeg

2014

Eurasian Geography and Economics

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We analyze the Kurdish Regional Government's (KRG's) fast developing energy relationship with Turkey, its implications for Turkey's energy security and, ultimately, regional security in general. Being landlocked, commentators tend to picture the KRG as a highly dependent entity, desperate to export its oil and gas through Turkey. While it is true that currently the KRG has no real alternative export routes other than Turkey, we argue that the energy relationship between the two is more complex than Turkey simply agreeing to this proposal as part of its energy diversification project. For Turkey, the dealings with the KRG present the next best thing to having its own oil and gas fields; high levels of control, partial ownership, and close proximity are all required by the country that is increasingly eking out its position as a regional patron. A further strong incentive for Turkey to develop this energy relationship is new opportunities to approach some of the country's oldest and newest threats, the conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the developing PKK-influenced Kurdish movement in a fragmenting Syria.

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Section: Kurdistan Region Energy Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Kurdistan Regional Government–Turkish energy relations: a complex partnership

Paasche

Mansurbeg

2014

Eurasian Geography and Economics

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“…Economically, in the post‐2005 government formation negotiations, the KRG was allocated 17 per cent of the Iraqi national budget totalling around $US2226 million in 2004‐2005 (Natali, 2007). However, the Kurds realized that one day Baghdad wold stop funding the KRG (Natali, 2008). Moreover, what further tormented the Kurdish leadership was the planned U.S. military withdrawal from Iraq; the state which acted as a sort of patron state to the KRI.…”

Section: The Foreign Relations Of the Kri: 1992‐2014mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Islamic State and the independence referendum: The role of foreign policy in maintaining the de facto Kurdish entity in Iraq

Sadoon

2023

Studies Ethnicity & National

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The onslaught of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (hereafter ISIS) on the Kurdish de facto entity in Iraq in 2014 and the independence referendum in 2017 constituted two important episodes that impacted on the foreign policy of the Kurdish entity in multiple ways. This article analyzes and describes the foreign policies of the entity during and after these two episodes until the end of 2022. It attempts to answer the following two questions: How did the ISIS offensive briefly change the priorities of the Kurdish entity's leadership in terms of its foreign policy goals? Secondly, how did the independence referendum in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the subsequent events shape the foreign policy priorities of the Kurdish entity in Iraq? Through conducting interviews with high‐level Kurdish politicians and using recently published secondary source materials, this article argues that foreign policy and paradiplomacy played vital roles in the preservation of the KRI during these two very tough periods and that the Kurdish entity had to alter its domestic policy goals to achieve its foreign policy aims and ensure the survival of the Kurdish facto entity in Iraq.

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“…Kurdish informants, however, refer to Kirkuk more often in terms of blood and soil than oil. Moreover, while Kurds have the law (in the form of Iraq's constitution) on their side, the implementation of a referendum that could settle the dispute between Baghdad and Erbil has been difficult and is in any case seen as unlikely to settle the tensions of a multifaceted conflict dating back decades that is entangled with strategic natural resources (Gunter, 2011;Natali, 2008;Romano, 2007;Wolff, 2010).…”

Section: Into Disputed Territories: Transect One Entrenching Security (May 2014)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transecting security and space in Kurdistan, Iraq

Paasche

Sidaway

2015

Environ Plan A

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Departing from most coverage of Iraq, which tends to be focused on insecurity, this paper is about securities; drawing on research in the provinces of Iraq administered by the autonomous Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). In the last decade, the KRG's territory has experienced very few significant bomb attacks. These were directed against KRG personnel, rather than targeting civilians per se, as so frequently happens elsewhere in Iraq. In contrast, the KRG has enjoyed relative security, enabling fast development. To the southwest however, there is a complex territorial contest between the Peshmerga (armed forces of the KRG), the forces of the central government of Iraq and Islamic State (al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah -frequently called ISIS or ISIL in English) whose insurgent territory spans the Iraq-Syria border. To the northeast, the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK), who have contested the Turkish state since the mid-1980s, now control swathes of territory. Transecting these spaces, the paper develops a grounded study of how Kurdish security forces operate. While insecurity continues in the disputed territories and the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan governs the zone along the Turkish border, the security forces of the KRG utilize very direct forms of surveillance and control. Negotiating these, our paper traverses spaces of security, sovereignty and (disputed) territory.

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The Kirkuk Conundrum

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Kurdistan Regional Government–Turkish energy relations: a complex partnership

Kurdistan Regional Government–Turkish energy relations: a complex partnership

The Islamic State and the independence referendum: The role of foreign policy in maintaining the de facto Kurdish entity in Iraq

Transecting security and space in Kurdistan, Iraq

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