The known and unknown about Marine Biodiversity in Ecuador (Continental and Insular)

Abstract

Ecuador has a high diversity of ecosystems in its coastal and marine territory with beaches, bays, estuaries, cliffs, coastal lagoons and rocky coasts being the most representative. So far, 1,859 marine species have been identified in Ecuador. Of these, 1380 species of non-commercial marine invertebrates and vertebrates, belonging to 8 Phyla and distributed in 25 groups or classes, occur along the coast of Ecuador. These are: Protozoans, 9 groups: Oceanic and estuarine Diatoms, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Dinoflagellates, Coccolithophorida, Silicoflagellates, Euglenophyta, Tintinnids and planktonic and benthic Foraminifera; Cnidaria, 2 classes: Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae; Mollusca, 5 classes: Wood-boring molluscs and rock-boring and benthic bivalves; Gasteropoda: (Thecosomatans, Pteropods, Heteropods and benthic species, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda and Cephalopoda); Annelida, 1 group: benthic Polychaeta; Arthropoda, 1 class: Crustacea (Cirripedia, Anomura, Brachyuran, Euphausiids); Chaetognatha, 1 group; Echinodermata, 4 classes: Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea; Chordata, 2 classes: Marine mammals and birds. Both the biodiversity of the meiobenthos of the Gulf of Guayaquil and that of the inter-tidal zone are presented. The 479 demersal species of commercial importance are grouped in 4 Phyla (Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Echinodermata), 41 orders, 143 families and 258 genera. The phylum Chordata represented by fish is the most diverse group on the coast with 270 species from 142 genera, 63 families, and 22 orders, the order Perciformes being the best represented with 143 species. Molluscs form the next biggest group with 110 species. In general, the biggest biodiversity of species seems to be in the Gulf of Guayaquil, the main estuary of Ecuador. However, this may be because that area has been better studied than the others. The work presented is mainly the result of research carried out by Equatorians and thus cannot be claimed to include the whole of the current information about marine biodiversity in Ecuador.KEYWORDS: Biodiversity, pelagic, demersal, benthic, Gulf of Guayaquil. RESUMENEcuador tiene una diversidad alta de ecosistemas en todo su territorio marino-costero donde las playas, bahías, estuarios, acantilados, lagunas costeras y las costas rocosas son los de mayor representatividad. Hay un total de 1.859 especies marinas que han sido identificadas para Ecuador, que incluye especies comerciales y no comerciales. Se conoce que 1.380 especies de invertebrados y vertebrados marinos no comerciales pertenecen a 8 Phyla, los cuales han sido reportados para el Pacífico ecuatoriano, distribuidos en 25 grupos o clases de organismos que son: Protozoos: 9 grupos: Diatomeas oceánicas y estuarinas, Cyanophyta, Chlorophytas, Dinoflagelados, Coccolitophorida, Silicoflagelados, Euglenophyta, Tintinnidos, Foraminíferos planctónicos y bentónicos, Cnidaria, 2 clases: Hydromedusas y Scyphomedusas; Mollusca, 5 clases: Bivalvos (Bentónicos, perforadores de maderas y rocas), Gasteropods ...

Marine, intertidal, freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity of an isolated polar archipelago

“…3b and Sirenko et al, 2001). Furthermore, more species have been reported from the SOI continental shelf than from the Galapagos Islands (often cited as an example of high biodiversity) and Ecuador combined (Cruz et al, 2003). The continental shelf area of this equatorial example is c. 25% smaller but it is probably better studied.…”

“…The domination of SOI marine species richness by benthos (83.3%) probably reflects the position in the Southern Ocean in general (see, e.g., Clarke & Johnston, 2003, vs. Boltovskoy, 1999). Data within Cruz et al. (2003) show benthos similarly dominate ( c .…”

“…, 2001). Furthermore, more species have been reported from the SOI continental shelf than from the Galapagos Islands (often cited as an example of high biodiversity) and Ecuador combined (Cruz et al. , 2003).…”

“…On continental shelves at lower latitudes, molluscs are often the most species‐rich taxon (e.g. see Cruz et al. , 2003).…”

“…The domination of SOI marine species richness by benthos (83.3%) probably reflects the position in the Southern Ocean in general (see, e.g., Clarke & Johnston, 2003, vs. Boltovskoy, 1999. Data within Cruz et al (2003) show benthos similarly dominate (c. 90%) numbers of marine species recorded from the continental shelf around Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. How animal abundance, biomass or productivity compare between the seabed and water column is unknown, but it is likely to be much less weighted than species richness to benthic dominance.…”