The Korean ‘Examination Hell’: Long Hours of Studying, Distress, and Depression

meery, lee; Larson, Reed

doi:10.1023/a:1005160717081

Cited by 263 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Due to the Confucian ideologies that have influenced South Korean culture (and other East Asian countries), there is a great emphasis placed on education (ie, education fever). 31,32 Lee et al 32 described the highly competitive lifestyle of high school students studying for "examination hell," often sleeping 3 to 4 hours per day. The degree of importance placed on achieving good grades, and getting accepted at prestigious universities in Seoul, is crucial to South Koreans.…”

Section: Cultural Contexts and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results From South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

Song¹,

Yang²,

Lee

et al. 2016

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

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Background:South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of physical activity according to the indicators set by Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance.Methods:National surveys were used as preferred sources of data. This was then supported by peer-reviewed papers and government reports identified by a systematic search of the literature written in English or Korean. A Research Working Group then graded indicators based on the collected evidence.Results:Each indicator was graded as follows: Overall Physical Activity, D-; Organized Sport and Physical Activity Participation, C-; Active Transport, C+; Sedentary Behavior, F; School, D; Government and Investment, C; Active Play, Physical Literacy, Family and Peers, and Community and Built Environment were graded INC (incomplete) due to lack of available evidence.Conclusions:Though the final grades of key indicators for South Korean children and youth are not satisfactory, increasing interests and investments have been demonstrated at a national level. More evidence is required for comprehensive assessment on all indicators to better inform policy and practice. This should be accompanied by the use of consistent criteria to contribute to global efforts for active healthy kids.

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Section: Cultural Contexts and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Results From South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

Song¹,

Yang²,

Lee

et al. 2016

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This emphasis on educational achievement results in high demands and great pressure on children (Bossy 2000;Ho 1996). Academic stress, conceptualized as a disturbance induced by a student's appraisal of academic stressors, is common in children, and often leads to psychological and somatic distress (Lee and Larson 2000;Lou and Chi 2000). Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory holds that a child's development can be understood within the context of relationships in his or her environment (Bronfenbrenner 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic Stressors and Anxiety in Children: The Role of Paternal Support

2009

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We examined the role of paternal support in the relation between academic stress and the mental health of primary school children in Hong Kong. The participants of this cross-sectional study were 1,171 fifth and sixth graders. The results indicated that academic stress was a risk factor that heightened student anxiety levels and that parental emotional support was a protective factor that contributed to better mental health among children. However, paternal informational support delivered to children during times of high academic stress appeared to heighten student anxiety levels. The practical implications of the findings on parent education are discussed.

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“…First, as mentioned in the Results section, the high level of depression for the present sample at the ninth grade may be due to stress related to the High School Entrance Examination, which the present study does not include. Studies in other East Asian countries, such as in Korea, with similar entrance examinations have reported the negative effect of examination-related stress on adolescents (Lee and Larson 2000). However, Moon and Morash (2004) did not find that examination-related strain exerted positive effects on delinquency among youths in Korea, and Agnew (2006a) also indicated that the strain from a conventional society should be less criminogenic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Strain Theory in Taiwan: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach

Lin

2011

Asian Criminology

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Agnew's general strain theory (GST) [Agnew R (2001) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38:319-361; Agnew R (2006a) Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. LA:Roxbury] has been the focus of considerable academic attention and has become an important criminological theory [Cullen et al. (2006) Taking Stock: The Status ofCriminological Theory. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction].However, most previous empirical studies have employed Western samples (e.g., US sample) to test this theory, which hinders the generalizability of GST. Although some studies have used Eastern samples to evaluate GST, these studies are only cross-sectional, which makes drawing any causal relationship problematic, and a cross-sectional study cannot uncover the more dynamic relationship between strain, negative emotion, and delinquency. Furthermore, depression has become epidemic around the world [World Health Organization 2001, http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf) and many previous studies that test GST focus only on anger. This makes depression a crucial element in testing GST. The present study uses longitudinal data (Taiwan Youth Project) and a latent growth model (LGM) to investigate strain, depression, and delinquent acts among adolescents (12-15 years old). The results generally support GST propositions: both strain and depression increase delinquency, and depression mediates the strain-delinquency relationship. Some cultural-specific influences were also discovered.

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The Korean ‘Examination Hell’: Long Hours of Studying, Distress, and Depression

Cited by 263 publications

References 24 publications

Results From South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

Results From South Korea’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth

Academic Stressors and Anxiety in Children: The Role of Paternal Support

General Strain Theory in Taiwan: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach

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