The Land Use and Land Cover Classification on the Urban Area

Abstract

The Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) is an essential application in many remotely sensed projects and problems. Land use is simply man-made objects such as urban, road complex targets, etc., while land covers are defined as any target and phenomenon that appear neutral. The LULC study is essential for all current and future engineering projects, as it shows the nature of the land's components, which is evident in studying and modernizing residential areas. One of the essential operations for studying LULC is the heterogeneity detection and classification calculations of satellite images and topographic maps. A part of the Baghdad, Iraq region was selected for the Landsat satellite group at different periods to detect variance and make classifications for extracting and calculating ​​the changes. Many digital techniques were used to extract the results, such as; digital change detection and two classification methods. The study showed a significant decrease in the vegetation cover areas after 2015 and the expansion of buildings and unincorporated slums due to the housing crisis. The digital methods and results were evaluated using the ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) ver. 4.5 and written subroutines in visual basic 6.0.

Preparation of Land Cover and Land Use Maps for the Period 1976-2022 in Northern Kirkuk

“…In order to assess the state of land cover and agricultural land uses and the extent of variation in the nature of the distribution of these varieties over a period of five decades, the results appear in the figure and for the time period between (1976) and (2022) fig 6 and for the spring season, which represents the optimal state for agricultural land uses, that there has been a change In the land cover parameters in the case of the directed classification table 4 as the difference was clear in the conversion of vast areas of agricultural or arable lands to other lands. The area of field crops was (95) km 2 , at a rate of (27.08)% in the year 1976, but it decreased to (91.90) km 2 , at a rate of (26.20) percent in the year (2022), with a decrease of (0.88) percent of the total area of the study area. As for the rangelands, their total area was (170.21) km 2 , at a rate of (48.52)% in the year (1976), but it decreased to an area of (55.98) km 2 , at a rate of (15.96) percent in the year (2022), with a decrease of (32.56)% of the total area.…”

“…We notice a noticeable increase in the barren lands, as the area of these barren lands was (48.91) km 2 , at a rate of (13.94)% in 1976, and increased to (107.70) km 2 , at a rate of (30.70)% in the year (2022), at a rate of (16.76)% of the total area. As for the lands of the mountainous areas, their total area was (33.45) ) km 2 , at a rate of (9.55)% in the year (1976), but it increased to (74.87) ) km 2 , at a rate of (21.34)% in the year (2022), at a rate of (11.8)% of the total area. As for the urban areas, their total area was (1.12) ) km 2 , at a rate of (0.32)% in the year (2022), at a rate of (3.99)% of the total area.…”

“…Based on the results of the classification oriented to the land cover and land use shown in Figure 4 and Table 4, the results show that the pasture and barren land category prevails in an area of 226.26 km 2 , or 64.50% of the region's area, while the agricultural land category represented by field crops occupies an area of 47.21 km 2 , or 13.64%, while the land category comes in the third place. The plowed area covers an area of 35.80 km 2 at a rate of 10.20%, while the mountainous areas cover an area of 34.60 km 2 at a rate of 9.86%, while the urban areas occupy 4.85 km 2 at a rate of 1.38%, and water comes in the last place at 2.09 km 2 And the effect of the cultivation seasons and climate on the dominance of one variety over another, especially the pasture and barren land varieties, compared to the few lands used for agriculture at the time of capturing the satellite image, and the type of plowed lands that are distributed in this category in preparation for the beginning of the spring season, and the operations of servicing, maintaining, and preparing the land for cultivation. As for the spring season, it is clear from the map and the table 4 the change in the varieties and uses of land for Visual 2002, as it occupies the first place in the category of pastures, with an area of 119.60 km 2 and a rate of 34.09%, as this season is characterized by climatic elements represented by an abundance of rainwater and appropriate humidity with degrees The low temperature, which helps the growth of natural plants in most of the study sites, comes in the second place in the category of barren lands, as it occupies an area of 103.80 km 2 with a rate of 29.59%, then comes in the third place the category of field crops with an area of 85.87 km 2 and a rate of 24.48%, followed by the mountainous areas that occupy an area of 34.60 km 2 , at a rate of 9.86%, and urban areas, which occupy 4.85 km 2 , at a rate of 1.38%, then water, which occupies 2.09 km 2 , at a rate of 0.6%.…”

“…Remote sensing technologies are among the most important of these adopted methods in the study of natural resources and the development of purpose maps, especially with regard to soil and land, due to the comprehensiveness, temporal and spectral plurality of this technology. The use of the land includes all the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur on the surface of the earth, which includes soil, water, and vegetation cover as well as geological formations and everything that man does on the surface of the earth in terms of change and organization, and knowledge of land use data is necessary for the life cycle of modern societies and all environmental systems Which is related to environmental planning and natural resource management [1] Also, land use is today one of the important applications in the study of many projects and environmental problems, which can be remotely sensed by means and technologies of remote sensing at the present time and in the future, as it clarifies the nature of the variation in the environmental components of the land and detects heterogeneity as well as classification calculations for satellite images [2,3] In addition, remote sensing technologies are modern and basic technologies in the study of natural resources that ensure speed in completing work, accuracy of results, and analysis of topographic maps of appropriate scale [4]. The success of land use planning is largely related to the method or technique used in the process of monitoring and analyzing geospatial and non-spatial data for each form of use or use [5].…”

Employing Remote Sensing Technologies and Geographic Information in the Hydrological Analysis of the Hilla River Valley in Babylon Governorate

“…[8] relied on Techniques Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems, and the use of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Topographic Maps to prepare a map of the river network (beds and river basins) after extracting the contour elevation lines, the degree of slope, and the direction of the slope, as well as determining the direction of surface runoff. [9] used techniques Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to detect and monitor land cover variables during two periods using several indicators, including Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Barren Land Index (BLI). [10] revealed changes in the land cover of the city of Baquba using Index and producing maps, including the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and its classification from satellite data and its comparison with the map of the supervise by satellite data.…”