The Larvae of the Spatangidae

Rees, C. B.

doi:10.1017/s0025315400014661

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The general form of larvae of B. latifrons was similar to descriptions by MacBride (1914), Fenaux (1961Fenaux ( , 1969Fenaux ( , 1972, and Rees (1953) for other, obligate-feeding spatangoid larvae, and by Runnstrom (1929) for larvae of B. fragilis. Strathmann (1979) described some of the features of feeding larval stages of B. latifrons.…”

Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvasupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The postoral and posterodorsal arm rods were fenestrated along their entire length (that is, they each consisted of three long skeletal elements joined by transverse elements to form a lattice), and the other arms were simple, as in B. fragilis (Runnstrom 1929). The skeleton of the body (surrounding the gut and coelom) was a boxlike arrangement of longitudinal and transverse rods similar to that described by Rees (1953) for other spatangoids. A long, fenestrated posterior process developed out of the single skeletal element at the posterior end of the larva.…”

Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvasupporting

confidence: 64%

“…In Brisaster, the posterodorsal arms appear before the anterolaterals, whereas the anterolaterals appear first in the other species listed. Anterolateral arms appear before posterodorsals in all other spatangoid larvae that have been examined (Rees 1953;Fenaux 1969Fenaux , 1972. This difference may have no functional significance because the anterolateral arms of Brisaster grow to several hundred micrometers in length, and particles can be caught on the ciliated band of these arms.…”

Section: Rate Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In some other spatangoids, the posterior process gives rise to two unfenestrated transverse elements called posterolateral arms (MacBride 1914;Mortensen 1937;Rees 1953;Fenaux 1972). These did not appear in B.…”

Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvamentioning

confidence: 99%

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EVOLUTIONARY LOSS OF LARVAL FEEDING: DEVELOPMENT, FORM AND FUNCTION IN A FACULTATIVELY FEEDING LARVA, BRISASTER LATIFRONS

Hart

1996

Evolution

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Species with large eggs and nonfeeding larvae have evolved many times from ancestors with smaller eggs and feeding larvae in numerous groups of aquatic invertebrates and amphibians. This change in reproductive allocation and larval form is often accompanied by dramatic changes in development. Little is known of this transformation because the intermediate form (a facultatively feeding larva) is rare. Knowledge of facultatively feeding larvae may help explain the conditions under which nonfeeding larvae evolve. Two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary loss of larval feeding are as follows: (1) large eggs evolve before modifications in larval development, and (2) the intermediate form (facultatively feeding larva) is evolutionarily short-lived. I show that larvae of a heart urchin, Brisaster latifrons, are capable of feeding but do not require food to complete larval development. Food for larvae appears to have little effect on larval growth and development. The development, form, and suspension feeding mechanism of these larvae are similar to those of obligate-feeding larvae of other echinoids. Feeding rates of Brisaster larvae are similar to cooccurring, obligate-feeding echinoid larvae but are low relative to the large size of Brisaster larvae. The comparison shows that in Brisaster large egg size, independence from larval food, and relatively low feeding rate have evolved before the heterochronies and modified developmental mechanisms common in nonfeeding echinoid larvae. If it is general, the result suggests that hypotheses concerning the origin of nonfeeding larval development should be based on ecological factors that affect natural selection for large eggs, rather than on the evolution of heterochronies and developmental novelties in particular clades. I also discuss alternative hypotheses concerning the evolutionary persistence of facultative larval feeding as a reproductive strategy. These hypotheses could be tested against a phylogenetic hypothesis.

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Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvasupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvasupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Rate Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Development Of the Feeding Larvamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

EVOLUTIONARY LOSS OF LARVAL FEEDING: DEVELOPMENT, FORM AND FUNCTION IN A FACULTATIVELY FEEDING LARVA, BRISASTER LATIFRONS

Hart

1996

Evolution

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“…The absence of such structures is seemingly characteristic since epaulettes, vibratile lobes, pedicellariae, etc., were never reported for any spatangoid larvae (Mortensen 1931(Mortensen , 1937Rees 1953;Pearse and Cameron 1991). The high number of arms, on the other hand, does not appear to be speciWc for spatangoids, because they share this feature with some species of the arbaciid group (Gordon 1929;Fuentes and Barros 2000).…”

Section: Larval Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Larval growth and perimetamorphosis in the echinoid Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata): the spatangoid way to become a sea urchin

Nunes

Jangoux

2007

Zoomorphology

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The prejuvenile development of Echinocardium cordatum (Echinoidea) was investigated by means of scanning electron, confocal and light microscopes, aiming to illustrate the early life history of a spatangoid representative and to compare it with the other major echinoid groups. During the larval development of E. cordatum, two periods follow one another. The Wrst one takes 12 days; it ends with the formation of a complete echinopluteus with twelve elongated larval arms. The second lasts from 3 to 12 days; it is entirely devoted to the building of the echinid rudiment and ends with the acquisition of larval competence. No appendage other than arms develops at the larva's outer surface. Competent larvae are demersal. They settle onto the substratum and test it for suitability using the Wve rudiment podia that protrude through the vestibule opening. Metamorphosis is a rapid event that lasts less than an hour. The rudiment does not everse and its spines and podia actively tear up the larval epidermis which is progressively covered by the growing vestibular epidermis. The resulting postlarva is short-lived and morphologically similar to both the late rudiment and the early juvenile, which, however, is exotrophic. Late rudiments in E. cordatum show basic spatangoid features being bilaterally symmetric and having clavulae and sphaeridia. More importantly, they already have the convex shape and the appendage cover of early juveniles. Metamorphosis in E. cordatum appears to be less complex, i.e. no rudiment is everted, and more complete, since, in contrast to "regular" echinoids, no transitory appendages are seen. Metamorphosis/development of E. cordatum, thus, is closer to that of clypeasteroids, since the rudiment of the latter already bears juvenile deWnitive appendages, when everted during metamorphsis.

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Spatial and temporal distribution and recruitment of echinoderm larvae in the Ligurian Sea

Pedrotti

1993

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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Seasonal and annual variations in the distribution and abundance of echinoderm larvae (early to post-larvae of principally echinoids and ophiuroids), were determined from a series of plankton net tows taken at three stations in the Bay of Villefranche (France) and along a radial transect of 28 nautical miles (52 km), from the Bay to half-way to Corsica, between 1984 and 1988. Spatial distribution of six echinoderm species have been mapped. For the echinoids, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, spawning takes place twice a year and appears to be synchronous because larval cohorts were comprised of distinct age-classes both near and far from the coast. Recruitment for these species is, therefore, thought to occur at well-defined periods. In contrast, the ophiuroid species studied (Amphiura filiformis, Ophwthrix fragilis, Ophiopluteus bimaculatus and O. compressus) spawn several times per year with a relatively short period in late spring and a prolonged spawning between the end of autumn and winter. These later results are consistent with the presence of mixed size-classes of larvae either from the nearby coast or offshore. Recruitment for these ophiuroids appears to be much more variable and spread over time.

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The Larvae of the Spatangidae

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

EVOLUTIONARY LOSS OF LARVAL FEEDING: DEVELOPMENT, FORM AND FUNCTION IN A FACULTATIVELY FEEDING LARVA, BRISASTER LATIFRONS

EVOLUTIONARY LOSS OF LARVAL FEEDING: DEVELOPMENT, FORM AND FUNCTION IN A FACULTATIVELY FEEDING LARVA, BRISASTER LATIFRONS

Larval growth and perimetamorphosis in the echinoid Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata): the spatangoid way to become a sea urchin

Spatial and temporal distribution and recruitment of echinoderm larvae in the Ligurian Sea

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