The ‘law’ of cephalocaudal differential growth in its application to the nervous system

Kingsbury, B. F.

doi:10.1002/cne.900560208

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…the cervical and lumbar regions), a dif ferentiation of the motoric efferenses has taken place, whilst in the thoracic region a large proportion of the fibers slowly form into leading visceromotor efferenses. A cephalocaudal maturing of the nervous system, as described by Kingsbury [1932], cannot be confirmed by the present data. One can rather more clearly see that the cervical region develops slowly at first, and then strongly accelerates from the 20th day on.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…By contrast rats, which have their greatest rate of myelination development postnatally. have a craniocaudal development, as described by Gutner [1936] and Kingsbury [1932], In mature rats, the distribution of nerve fiber diameters is similar to that of humans. The nerve fibers in the cervical and lumbar regions are thicker than those in the thoracic region [Lang worthy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

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Qualitative Investigation of the Postnatal Development of Axon and Nerve Fiber Calibers in the Ventral Roots of Rats

Tonner¹,

Lierse²

1988

Cells Tissues Organs

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The postnatal development of the ventral spinal roots of rats was studied with optical microscopic and morphometric methods. Adult rats show a craniocaudal decrease of axon and nerve fiber diameters which cannot be detected in younger animals. The bimodal differentiation of the nerve fiber populations occurs between the 15th and 20th day. Myelinated nerve fibers show a g ratio of 0.6 for all examined age groups.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Qualitative Investigation of the Postnatal Development of Axon and Nerve Fiber Calibers in the Ventral Roots of Rats

Tonner¹,

Lierse²

1988

Cells Tissues Organs

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“…Many of these studies have shown a cephalocaudal and proximaldistal development of the nervous system (Kingsbury, 1932). A general concept has emerged, namely that the growth of connexions between the brain and the spinal cord progressively modifies spinal or brain stem reflexes behaviourally useful to the new-born, causing them to be replaced by responses better suited to the adult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The maturation of cutaneous reflexes studied in the upper limb in man.

Issler¹,

Stephens²

1983

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Cutaneous reflex responses have been recorded from forearm flexor and extensor muscles following electrical stimulation of the fingers.2. Recordings have been made from premature infants, term infants and children between the age of 6 weeks and 11 years.3. In the new-born, stimulation of the fingers elicits such a powerful reflex that, in general, individual stimuli will evoke a reflex synchronous action potential in both forearm flexor and extensor muscles.4. Individual stimuli delivered to the fingers also elicit reflex synchronous muscle action potentials in forearm flexor and extensor muscles in patients with clinical signs of upper motor neurone lesion affecting the upper limb; this has not been observed in normal adult subjects.5. The latency of the reflex response in the term infant is about 18 msec. Comparison of this value with the latency of the tendon jerk for these muscles would indicate a central delay for the cutaneous reflex of about 3 msec.6. The latencies of the cutaneous reflex and tendon jerk remain constant over the first 5 years of life.7. The size of the short-latency cutaneous reflex response decreases progressively over the first year of life.8. In the second year of life stimulation of the fingers produces long-as well as short-latency increases in recorded muscle electrical activity.9. The maturation of the cutaneous reflex response is discussed in terms of the maturation of function of the corticospinal tract.

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“…Initially, the neural keel was thought to be a mass of mesenchymal cells, and neurulation therefore equivalent to the secondary process that occurs in the tailbud of most animal groups (von Kupffer, 1890;Reichenbach et al, 1990). More careful examination using several model systems, including the zebrafish, showed that this is not correct (Geldmacher-Voss et al, 2003;Kingsbury, 1932;Miyayama and Fujimoto, 1977;Reichenbach et al, 1990;Strahle and Blader, 1994). However, teleost neurulation has continued to be termed secondary (Geldmacher-Voss et al, 2003;Handrigan, 2003;Kimmel et al, 1995;Papan and Campos-Ortega, 1994).…”

Section: Teleost Neurulation: Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies of vertebrate neurulation and a re-evaluation of teleost neural tube formation

Lowery

Sive

2004

Mechanisms of Development

220

196

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The vertebrate neural tube develops by two distinct mechanisms. Anteriorly, in the brain and future trunk (cervicothoracic) region, 'primary neurulation' occurs, where an epithelial sheet rolls or bends into a tube. Posteriorly, in the future lumbar and tail region, the neural tube forms by 'secondary neurulation', where a mesenchymal cell population condenses to form a solid rod that undergoes transformation to an epithelial tube. Teleost neurulation has been described as different from that of other vertebrates. This is principally because the teleost trunk neural tube initially forms a solid rod (the neural keel) that later develops a lumen. This process has also been termed secondary neurulation. However, this description is not accurate since the teleost neural tube derives from an epithelial sheet that folds. This best fits the description of primary neurulation. It has also been suggested that teleost neurulation is primitive, however, both primary and secondary neurulation are found in groups with a more ancient origin than the teleosts. The similarity between neurulation in teleosts and other vertebrates indicates that this group includes viable models (such as the zebrafish) for understanding human neural tube development.

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The ‘law’ of cephalocaudal differential growth in its application to the nervous system

Cited by 26 publications

References 16 publications

Qualitative Investigation of the Postnatal Development of Axon and Nerve Fiber Calibers in the Ventral Roots of Rats

Qualitative Investigation of the Postnatal Development of Axon and Nerve Fiber Calibers in the Ventral Roots of Rats

The maturation of cutaneous reflexes studied in the upper limb in man.

Strategies of vertebrate neurulation and a re-evaluation of teleost neural tube formation

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