The Level of Europium-154 Contaminating Samarium-153-EDTMP Activates the Radiation Alarm System at the US Homeland Security Checkpoints

Abstract

¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP is a radiopharmaceutical composed of EDTMP (ethylenediamine-tetramethylenephosphonate) and Samarium-153 <F18_CitRef>[1]</F18_CitRef>. ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP has an affinity for skeletal tissue and concentrates in areas with increased bone turnover; thus, it is successfully used in relieving pain related to diffuse bone metastases [1]. The manufacturing process of ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP leads to contamination with ¹⁵⁴Eu (Europium-154) [2]. A previous study only alluded to the retention of ¹⁵⁴Eu in the bones after receiving treatment with ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP [2]. Activation of the alarm at security checkpoints after ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP therapy has not been previously reported. Two out of 15 patients who received ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP at Roger Maris Cancer Center (Fargo, N. Dak., USA) activated the radiation activity sensors while passing through checkpoints; one at a US airport and the other while crossing theAmerican-Canadian border. We assume that the ¹⁵⁴Eu which remained in the patients’ bones activated the sensors. Methods: In order to investigate this hypothesis, we obtained the consent from 3 of our 15 patients who received ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP within the previous 4 months to 2 years, including the patient who had activated the radiation alarm at the airport. The patients were scanned with a handheld detector and a gamma camera for energies from 511 keV to 1.3 MeV. Results: All three patients exhibited identical spectral images, and further analysis showed that the observed spectra are the result of ¹⁵⁴Eu emissions. Conclusion: Depending on the detection thresholds and windows used by local and federal authorities, the remaining activity of ¹⁵⁴Eu retained in patients who received ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP could be sufficient enough to increase the count rates above background levels and activate the sensors. At Roger Maris Cancer Center, patients are now informed of the potential consequences of ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP therapy prior to initiating treatment. In addition, patients treated with ¹⁵³Sm-EDTMP at Roger Maris Cancer Center receive laminated cards stating the date and the dose of treatment, as well as a statement that the holder may activate the alarm at the security checkpoints.

The radio-europium impurities in [153Sm]-EDTMP production: a review of isolation methods

“…But there are some challenges related to them. For instance, Hallek et al [43] reported that some patients treated by [ 153 Sm]Sm-EDTMP could trigger radiation activity sensors while passing through checkpoints of US airports and the American-Canadian border. Therefore, the range of activity retention of 154 Eu impurity in patients is above the background.…”