The Life History and Development of Polyembryonic Parasitoids

Strand, Michael R.; Grbić, Miodrag

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5983-2_2

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…First, there are some gall aphids [8,18,31], a sea anemone [12,13] and some parasitoid wasp larvae [10,37]. As for trematode parthenitae, colonies in these systems comprise clonal, separate individuals.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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In some of the most complex animal societies, individuals exhibit a cooperative division of labour to form castes. The most pronounced types of caste formation involve reproductive and non-reproductive forms that are morphologically distinct. In colonies comprising separate or mobile individuals, this type of caste formation has been recognized only among the arthropods, sea anemones and mole-rats. Here, we document physical and behavioural caste formation in a flatworm. Trematode flatworm parasites undergo repeated clonal reproduction of 'parthenitae' within their molluscan hosts forming colonies. We present experimental and observational data demonstrating specialization among trematode parthenitae to form distinct soldier and reproductive castes. Soldiers do not reproduce, have relatively large mouthparts, and are much smaller and thinner than reproductives. Soldiers are also more active, and are disproportionally common in areas of the host where invasions occur. Further, only soldiers readily and consistently attack heterospecifics and conspecifics from other colonies. The division of labour described here for trematodes is strongly analogous to that characterizing other social systems with a soldier caste. The parallel caste formation in these systems, despite varying reproductive mode and taxonomic affiliation, indicates the general importance of ecological factors in influencing the evolution of social behaviour. Further, the 'recognition of self ' and the defence of the infected host body from invading parasites are comparable to aspects of immune defence. A division of labour is probably widespread among trematodes and trematode species encompass considerable taxonomic, life history and environmental diversity. Trematodes should therefore provide new, fruitful systems to investigate the ecology and evolution of sociality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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“…Polyembryony, sex determination and sex ratio. Certainly, the most fascinating biological feature of Copidosoma is polyembryony, namely the formation of multiple embryos from a single egg, studied in detail in floridanum (Silvestri, 1906 as C. truncatellum , misidentification; Strand & Grbic, 1997a; references therein), koehleri (Doutt, 1947, 1952) and sosares (Hardy, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Revision of the European species ofCopidosomaRatzeburg (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera)

Guerrieri¹,

Noyes

2005

Systematic Entomology

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Abstract. The genus Copidosoma includes species that have the potential to be used as biocontrol agents of lepidopteran pests. Regardless of their importance and the high number of species described from Europe, this is the first time that a complete revision at European level has been conducted. Fifty‐six European species of Copidosoma are revised. Seven species are described as new, i.e. athepi (France), charon (France), firli (Czech Republic), ortyx (Portugal), shawi (Netherlands), zolta (Spain), zdeneki (Spain). Thirty‐nine new specific synonymies are proposed, i.e. alexandri (of sosares), batorligetensis (of varicorne), bohemicum (of terebrator), brevicaudae (of peticus), buyssoni (of peticus), clavellatus (of varicorne), claviger (of thebe), crassicorne (of radnense), cultriformis (of boucheanum), flavomaculatus (of peticus), fulvipes (of thebe), geniculatus (of filicorne), giganteum (of terebrator), glandiferellae (of filicorne), hartmanni (of sosares), hilare (of boucheanum), hydramon (of aithyia), incertum (of peticus), innocuellae (of albipes), intermedius (of floridanum), jamansaiense (of peticus), kisilkumense (of peticus), kriechbaumeri (of aithyia), lembolovicum (of aretas), machaeras (of babas), matritense (of dius), moldavicus (of cervius), montanum (of filicorne), montanum minor (of herbaceum), nanellae (of ancharus), nanus (of primulum), obscurus (of primulum), phalaenarum (of aithyia), phithra (of chalconotum), prasinum (of arenarium), salicinus (of aithyia), savsdargi (of iracundum), triangularis (of peticus), woronieckae (of peticus), and one new combination (heliothis (Liao) from Litomastix). Lectotypes are designated for eight species (buyssoni, didius, kriechbaumeri, machaeras, mitreus, nanellae, telesto, tibiale). A dichotomous key is provided to facilitate the identification of females and males. Each species is further characterized by a description, and figures and notes are provided on their known distribution and hosts. An overview of the biology of the genus is given in addition to a host–parasitoid index for all known European species.

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“…Some cercarial embryos also seen within, 23 dpi. The latter display morphological specialization and division of labor among genetically identical progeny during their parasitic life phase (Strand and Grbic, 1997). 16.…”

Section: Echinostome Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research

Fried¹,

Graczyk²

2000

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The Life History and Development of Polyembryonic Parasitoids

Cited by 9 publications

References 64 publications

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Revision of the European species ofCopidosomaRatzeburg (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera)

Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research

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