“…In fact, most liner shipping optimization models that do include ship speed as a decision variable typically do not consider the possible impact of the state of the market on ship speed as being within the scope of their analysis. These include (among others) Alvarez (2009), Brouer et al (2017), Cariou (2011), Doudnikoff and Lacoste (2014), Eefsen and Cerup-Simonsen (2010), Guericke and Tierney (2015), , Lang and Veenstra (2010), Meng and Wang (2011), Notteboom and Vernimmen (2010), Qi and Song (2010), Reinhardt et al (2016), Song et al (2017), Yao et al (2012), and Zis et al (2015). An exception is the recent paper by Xia et al (2015), where a model which incorporates income considerations is presented, even though there is no analysis on the impact of higher or lower freight rates on how fast or slow containerships may go.…”