The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae

Li‐Beisson, Yonghua; Thelen, Jay J.; Fedosejevs, Eric T.; Harwood, John L.

doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003

Cited by 308 publications

(291 citation statements)

References 568 publications

(871 reference statements)

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“…Wild macroalgal populations exposed to environmental fluctuations showed a dominant seasonal pattern on lipid content characterized by an increase during winter, likely as a response to shorter days, lower irradiance levels, and temperature [14,15,27,28]. These changes promote a number of adaptations in the algae, such as the enhancement of the surface of thylakoid membranes through the accumulation of glycolipids, located predominantly in photosynthetic membranes [29]. Our dataset on wild C. tomentosum populations identified the highest lipid content in samples collected in September (early-autumn), while lower lipid amounts were recorded in May (spring).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a molecular level, galactolipids exhibited a major variation. These glycolipids are the main lipid constituent of thylakoid membranes and it has already been described that under low irradiance conditions, such as those occurring during days with a short photoperiod, these lipids increase their relative abundance as an adaptation of the photosynthetic machinery [29]. Considering the contribution of the amount of each lipid class, wild samples did not display any significant differences in their main glycolipid classes in autumn versus spring, with the exception of SQDG and DGDG in Barra samples that showed an increase from autumn to spring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main lipids in membranes that enclose photosynthetic machinery (MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG) are characterized by being rich in PUFA [35]. These lipids play a relevant role in photosynthesis by supporting organization of the light harvesting complex, chloroplast photosynthetic performance, increasing membrane fluidity and the electron flow between electron acceptors of Photosystem II [29,36]. Irradiance is an essential physiological mediator in fatty acid regulation in these membranes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domesticated Populations of Codium tomentosum Display Lipid Extracts with Lower Seasonal Shifts than Conspecifics from the Wild—Relevance for Biotechnological Applications of this Green Seaweed

et al. 2020

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In the last decades, the use of algae in biotechnology and food industries has experienced an exponential growth. Codium tomentosum is a green macroalgae with high biotechnological potential, due to its rich lipidome, although few studies have addressed it. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal changes in lipid and pigment profiles of C. tomentosum, as well as to screen its antioxidant activity, in order to evaluate its natural plasticity. Samples of C. tomentosum were collected in two different seasons, early-autumn (September/October) and spring (May), in the Portuguese coast (wild samples), and in a land-based integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system (IMTA samples). Total lipid extracts were analysed by LC–MS, GC–MS, and HPLC, and antioxidant activity was screened through free radical scavenging potential against DPPH and 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Wild samples showed a high seasonal variability, modifying their lipidome and pigment profiles according to environmental shifts, while IMTA samples showed a relatively stable composition due to early-stage culturing in controlled conditions. The lipids that contributed the most to seasonal discrimination were glycolipids (monogalactosyl diacylglycerol - MGDG and digalactosyl diacylglycerol - DGDG) and the lyso forms of phospholipids and glycolipids. Lipid extracts showed antioxidant activity ranging from 61 ± 2 to 115 ± 35 µmol Trolox g−1 of lipid extract in DPPH assay and from 532 ± 73 to 927 ± 92 µmol Trolox g−1 of lipid extract in ABTS assay, with a more intense antioxidant activity in wild spring samples. This study revealed that wild specimens of C. tomentosum presented a higher plasticity to cope with seasonal environmental changes, adjusting their lipid, pigment, and bioactivity profiles, while IMTA samples, cultured under controlled conditions, displayed more stable lipidome and pigment compositions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domesticated Populations of Codium tomentosum Display Lipid Extracts with Lower Seasonal Shifts than Conspecifics from the Wild—Relevance for Biotechnological Applications of this Green Seaweed

et al. 2020

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“…Microalgal strains with a high lipid content, stored as triacyglycerol (TAG), are considered a valuable food source and a promising feedstock to produce high value molecules [1]. As a result, research into the pathways that regulate TAG composition and accumulation have received much attention ( [2,3] and references therein). Often microalgae accumulate high quantities of TAGs in response to abiotic stress e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of an endogenous type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhances lipid production and omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid content

Haslam

Hamilton

Economou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Oleaginous microalgae represent a valuable resource for the production of high value molecules. Considering the importance of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) for human health and nutrition the yields of high value eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) require significant improvement to meet demand, however, the current cost of production remains high. A promising approach is to metabolically engineer strains with enhanced levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs) enriched in EPA and DHA.Results: Recently we have engineered the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to accumulate enhanced levels of DHA in TAG. To further improve the incorporation of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in TAG we focused our effort on the identification of a type 2 acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) capable of improving lipid production and the incorporation of DHA in TAG. DGAT is a key enzyme in lipid synthesis. Following a diatom based in vivo screen of candidate DGATs, a native P. tricornutum DGAT2B was taken forward for detailed characterisation. Overexpression of the endogenous P. tricornutum DGAT2B was confirmed by qRT-PCR and the transgenic strain grew successfully in comparison to wildtype. PtDGAT2B has broad substrate specificity with preferences for C16 and LC-PUFAs acyl groups. Moreover, the overexpression of an endogenous DGAT2B resulted in higher lipid yields and enhanced levels of DHA in TAG. Furthermore, a combined overexpression of the endogenous DGAT2B and ectopic expression of a Δ5-elongase showed how iterative metabolic engineering can be used to increase DHA and TAG content, irrespective of nitrogen treatment.Conclusion: This study provides further insight into lipid metabolism in P. tricornutum and suggests a metabolic engineering approach for the efficient production of EPA and DHA in microalgae.

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“…Green algae hold great promise as a feedstock for biofuel production due to their ability to synthesize and store triacylglycerides (TAGs) in lipid droplets (LDs; Guschina and Harwood, 2006;Li-Beisson et al, 2019). However, the relatively low lipid accumulation per unit biomass produced in standard growth conditions has rendered them economically impractical for biofuel production (Wijffels and Barbosa, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Remodeling of Chlamydomonas Metabolism Using Synthetic Inducers Results in Lipid Storage during Growth

Wase

Rasineni

et al. 2019

Plant Physiol.

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Microalgae accumulate lipids during stress such as that of nutrient deprivation, concomitant with cessation of growth and depletion of chloroplasts. By contrast, certain small chemical compounds selected by high-throughput screening in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can induce lipid accumulation during growth, maintaining biomass. Comprehensive pathway analyses using proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics data were acquired from Chlamydomonas cells grown in the presence of one of two structurally distinct lipid activators. WD10784 stimulates both starch and lipid accumulation, whereas WD30030-treated cells accumulate only lipids. The differences in starch accumulation are largely due to differential effects of the two compounds on substrate levels that feed into starch synthesis and on genes encoding starch metabolic enzymes. The compounds had differential effects on photosynthesis, respiration, and oxidative stress pathways. Cells treated with WD10784 showed slowed growth over time and reduced abundance of photosynthetic proteins, decreased respiration, and increased oxidative stress proteins, glutathione, and reactive oxygen species specific to this compound. Both compounds maintained central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, respiration, and the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. There were few changes in proteins and transcripts related to fatty acid biosynthesis, whereas proteins and transcripts for triglyceride production were elevated, suggesting that lipid synthesis is largely driven by substrate availability. This study reports that the compound WD30030 and, to a lesser extent WD10784, increases lipid and lipid droplet synthesis and storage without restricting growth or biomass accumulation by mechanisms that are substantially different from nutrient deprivation.

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The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae

Cited by 308 publications

References 568 publications

Domesticated Populations of Codium tomentosum Display Lipid Extracts with Lower Seasonal Shifts than Conspecifics from the Wild—Relevance for Biotechnological Applications of this Green Seaweed

Domesticated Populations of Codium tomentosum Display Lipid Extracts with Lower Seasonal Shifts than Conspecifics from the Wild—Relevance for Biotechnological Applications of this Green Seaweed

Overexpression of an endogenous type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferase in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhances lipid production and omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid content

Remodeling of Chlamydomonas Metabolism Using Synthetic Inducers Results in Lipid Storage during Growth

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