The Long Non-Coding RNA Landscape of Atherosclerotic Plaques

Abstract

Currently, cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, atherosclerosis remains one of the most crucial public health problems. This chronic and complex disease is considered to be a result of aberrant lipid homeostasis and inflammation of the inner wall of arteries that leads to plaque development. In recent years, a specific class of non-coding RNAs that are characterised by transcript lengths longer than 200 nucleotides, called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), has emerged. Moreover, a growing body of evidence indicates that deregulation of lncRNA expression may contribute to the development of many diseases. Despite continuous efforts in deciphering the molecular basis of atherosclerotic plaque (AP) formation, many aspects of this process remain elusive. Therefore, continuing efforts in this area should remain the highest priority in the coming years. Establishment of a standardised experimental pipeline and validation of lncRNAs as possible relevant biomarkers for cardiovascular disease would enable the translation of gathered findings into clinical practice. Key Points 1. Recent studies suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could have pivotal role in the development of many diseases. 2. Deciphering the functions of lncRNAs associated with atherosclerotic plaque formation could lead to finding new therapeutic targets or even biomarkers for arthrosclerosis.

A Robust and Precise ConvNet for Small Non-Coding RNA Classification (RPC-snRC)

“…The proposed system takes direct RNA sequence data as input and utilizes convolutional layers for the extraction of discriminative features which are eventually passed to dense layers for classification. This system does not require any 1 http://www.image-net.org/challenges/LSVRC/ alignment or manual feature extraction as it provides an end to end deep learning based system which takes primary RNA sequences as input and provides class labels as output. Furthermore, to provide answers to the questions above, we have performed detailed experimentation on small noncoding RNA classification dataset with the proposed system and also with two adapted Res-Net architectures.…”

“…Besides serving as coding template in the expression of proteins, RNA has a plethora of additional biological functions and plays a key role in several diseases such as Alzheimer, cardiovascular, Cancer, and type 2 diabetes [1], [2]. RNA can be classified into protein coding or non-coding, where about 3% of total RNA is coding for proteins (so called messenger RNA = mRNA) and the remaining 97% known as non-coding (ncRNA) or functional RNA [3].…”

Role of pyroptosis in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic implications

“…lncRNA MALAT1 was first identified in lung cancer cells. Mounting evidence demonstrates that it is involved in atherosclerosis (Kraczkowska & Jagodziński, 2019). The lncRNA MALAT1 was upregulated in high glucose‐induced endothelial cell pyroptosis.…”

Circulating Biomarkers Reflecting Destabilization Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Plaques: Are We Looking for the Impossible?

“…LncRNAs were first identified as non-protein-coding RNAs with longer than 200 nucleotides in 1992 [149]. Since then, it has been discovered that by regulating gene expression and functions of other molecules through multiple approaches (epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional regulation, and many others), these non-coding RNAs have been implicated in a myriad of different pathophysiological processes in the human body [150]. We have been recently acquainted with the key role of lncRNA in inflammatory responses, thus implicating a potential link between lncRNA expression and atherosclerosis [151].…”