The Long-Term Effects of a Toilet Training Programme for the Retarded: A Pilot Study

Behavioural continence training in mental handicap: a 10‐year follow‐up study

“…Although highly effective, intensive individual training was not as rapid as reported in early studies by Azrin & Foxx (1971), but more consistent with the rates reported by others (e.g. Bettison et al, 1976;Pfadt & Sullivan, 1980;Smith et al (1975). The training was costly in terms of staff time spent carrying out the programme.…”

“…Although numbers were small, it is the longest study of its kind. Other published studies have only followed up people for a maximum of 2 or 3 years (Bettison et al, 1976;Pfadt & Sullivan, 1980).…”

“…Although the value of programmes in achieving bladder control in mentally handicapped individuals is established in short-term studies, few investigations have examined the long-term value of these (Smith & Smith, 1987). Bettison et al (1976) and Pfadt & Sullivan (1980) followed their trainees up for between 12 and 18 months. Leith & Floumoy (1970) provided a 3-year follow-up of an earlier study, but the information they presented was measured through the use of rating scales as opposed to direct observation and recording.…”

Ten Years Later: Toilet Training in the Post-Azrin-and-Foxx Era

“…stroking the ab domen), procedures to desensitize the student to flushing noises, and pants checks using litmus paper. Similarly, other experimental studies report general success with modified operant methods but provide no reports of specific techniques that contribute to the literature (Bettison, Davison, Taylor & Fox, 1976;King & Turner, 1975). Barmann, Katz, O'Brien, and Beauchamp (1981) have recently adapted the Azrin and Foxx methodology to the treatment of irregular secondary enuresis in severely mentally retarded children in the home set ting.…”

An Inexpensive, Ultra-Low Current Urine Alarm

“…There are many situations where one needs to detect the presence of a response using a transducer which works with very little current Situations where extremely small currents are necessary include the treatment of enuresis using the Mowrer conditioning technique (Mowrer, 1938) and toilet training (Bettison, Davidson. Taylor and Fox, 1976) In order to ensure that the patient IS not burned by the sensing current passing through the urine, a device using only a few microamperes is needed A detector using an inexpensive integrated circuit which meets this requirement was recently designed in our laboratory Because it can be generalized to a variety of situations where one needs to sense a response with a small current or to set a response criterion, the circuit is discussed here in a general framework South Australla.…”