“…Such negative self-focused responses to abuse (e.g., shame or self-blame) are an important aspect of abuse experiences (Finkelhor et al, 2007), have been associated with depression (Feiring & Cleland, 2007; Wright et al, 2009), and thus may serve as mechanisms accounting for the possible depressogenic effect of abuse by multiple perpetrators. The limited literature assessing the effects of multiple perpetrators have almost exclusively focused on CSA, but are consistent with this possibility, finding associations with greater shame and self-blame in adolescents and young adults (Kellogg, & Hoffman, 1997), current and lifetime depression symptoms (Casey & Nurius, 2005), suicidality (Briere & Runtz, 1986), posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (Casey & Nurius, 2005), risk-taking behavior (Davis, Combs-Lane, & Jackson, 2002), and negative long-term physical health sequelae in women (Sickel, Noll, Moore, Putnam, & Trickett, 2002). …”