The low-temperature photochromic and photorefractive response of bismuth germanium oxide doped with molybdenum

Abstract

Doping the photorefractive material bismuth germanium oxide, Bi 12 GeO 20 ͑BGO͒, with the 4d atom molybdenum introduces only a small shift to lower energy in the absorption cutoff in as-grown or well-annealed samples. Exposing a Mo-doped sample to blue-green light at 80 K superimposes an additional well-resolved photochromic absorption band at 1.22 eV and a possible weak band at 1.75 eV upon the regular photochromic spectrum of undoped BGO. The 1.22 eV band has a major anneal stage in the 125-140 K range, which is accompanied by a smaller decrease in the regular photochromic bands. Similar to undoped BGO the remaining photochromic spectrum anneals when the sample is warmed above 200 K and completely disappears above 250 K. The photosensitivity of the additional bands is the same as that of the regular photochromic bands in undoped BGO. Since undoped BGO is an n-type photoconductor the bands are most likely due to an electron trapped at the Mo defect. A simple possible defect would be a Mo substituting for a Ge in the sillenite structure. An electron trapped at such a Mo Ge center could act as a small polaron and give rise to the bands. The photorefractive response of Mo-doped BGO was measured at 514 nm as a function of temperature down to 116 K. Doping with Mo causes a significant slowing of the grating growth rate. The growth rate slowed as the temperature was lowered. The diffraction efficiency of the gratings in Mo-doped BGO increased significantly as the sample was cooled down to 216 K. Below that temperature the growth rate was so slow that the gratings did not reach saturation for the 1 s "write" time. In undoped BGO the growth rate of the gratings slowed as the temperature was lowered. However, they remained much faster than in the Mo-doped samples and they continued to reach saturation down to the lowest temperatures studied. The dark decay of index gratings in Mo-doped BGO was also modified. At room temperature the dark decay was much faster than in undoped BGO. The dark decay slowed as the sample was cooled and for temperatures below about 200 K is nearly the same as that of undoped BGO.

Growth and ellipsometric characterizations of highly (111)-oriented Bi2Ti2O7 films on platinized silicon by metal organic decomposition method

“…3 and these values approach a magnitude order of 10 3 -10 6 cm −1 beyond the E g . 11 It indicates that the doping can result in increasing optical absorption and photorefractive response for the Bi-based compounds. 25 Additionally, the absorption coefficient is about 11 cm −1 at 3.0 eV for M1, which is larger than that ͑0.2 cm −1 ͒ of the pure BSO crystal 8 and close to those of Mo-doped BGO materials.…”

“…[7][8][9][10][11] For the photorefractive response of materials, the mobile charge carriers are produced by spatially modulated light in the bright regions. 11 Although the crystal structures are completely different, they contain the common Bi 2 O 3 phase and belong to wide band gap oxides with a band gap energy beyond 3.0 eV. 11 Although the crystal structures are completely different, they contain the common Bi 2 O 3 phase and belong to wide band gap oxides with a band gap energy beyond 3.0 eV.…”

“…Then these carriers can diffuse into the trapped regions, which result in space charge field acting through the electrooptic effect to induce a modulated index of refraction. 8,11 The band gap energy can be continuously tailored with different +4 value cation ͑Ti, Si, and Ge͒ doping in these oxides. It suggests that they are transparent in the visible-near-infrared photon energy region and the absorption coefficient is about 1 cm −1 .…”

“…It suggests that they are transparent in the visible-near-infrared photon energy region and the absorption coefficient is about 1 cm −1 . 7,11 Recently, nonlinearly optical properties from transition-metal doped sillenite oxides have been observed. 7 Unlike the sillenite materials, it should be noted that BTO cannot show optical anisotropy due to a symmetrical crystal structure.…”

“…8,11 The band gap energy can be continuously tailored with different +4 value cation ͑Ti, Si, and Ge͒ doping in these oxides. 10,11 It is interesting and significant to compare the optical properties between BTO and sillenite materials in order to develop the potential applications of BTO crystal. 7,11 Recently, nonlinearly optical properties from transition-metal doped sillenite oxides have been observed.…”