The lytic phase of Epstein–Barr virus plays an important role in tumorigenesis

Yue, Liang; Zhang, Yan; Luo, Bing

doi:10.1007/s11262-022-01940-6

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…EBV can also evade the immune response of CD8 T cells by secreting the viral proteins BNLF2a, BGLF5 and BILF1 ( 183 ). These proteins are important for EBV escape in all three phases of the lytic cycle: immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L).…”

Section: Dancing In Shadows: Ebv’s Artful Escape From Acquired Immune...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos

Silva,

Alves,

Pontes

2024

Front. Immunol.

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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen linked to various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and multiple types of cancer. To control and eliminate EBV, the host’s immune system deploys its most potent defenses, including pattern recognition receptors, Natural Killer cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, among others. The interaction between EBV and the human immune system is complex and multifaceted. EBV employs a variety of strategies to evade detection and elimination by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This demonstrates EBV’s mastery of navigating the complexities of the immunological landscape. Further investigation into these complex mechanisms is imperative to advance the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches with heightened efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various mechanisms known to date, employed by the EBV to elude the immune response, while establishing enduring latent infections or instigate its lytic replication.

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Section: Dancing In Shadows: Ebv’s Artful Escape From Acquired Immune...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This reduces the number of MHC class I molecules that are produced by the cell. BILF1 is a protein that interacts with the MHC class I molecules and prevents them from being displayed on the cell surface ( 183 , 184 ).…”

Section: Dancing In Shadows: Ebv’s Artful Escape From Acquired Immune...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos

Silva,

Alves,

Pontes

2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…The IE genes, BZLF1 and BRLF1 , are vital initiators of the lytic cascade that activate the E lytic genes that encode enzymes required for viral replication such as BALF3 . Subsequently, L lytic genes are expressed and cell lysis takes place to release viral particles ( Liang et al, 2022 ; Yap et al, 2022 ). Serological studies revealed the association between IE and E lytic genes with tumour progression and immune cell infiltration, suggesting the presence of intermittent abortive reactivation of EBV in NPC patients, the frequency whereof increases following disease progression ( Guo et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: The Pathogenic Role Of Ebv In Npcmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Epstein–Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Siak

Leong³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a metastasis-prone malignancy closely associated with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Despite ubiquitous infection of EBV worldwide, NPC incidences displayed predominance in certain ethnic groups and endemic regions. The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, as a result of anatomical isolation and non-specific clinical manifestation. Over the decades, researchers have gained insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis as a result of the interplay of EBV infection with several environmental and genetic factors. EBV-associated biomarkers were also used for mass population screening for the early detection of NPC. EBV and its encoded products also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies and tumour-specific drug delivery. This review will discuss the pathogenic role of EBV in NPC and efforts in exploiting the potential of EBV-associated molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current knowledge on the role of EBV and its associated products in NPC tumorigenesis, development and progression will offer a new outlook and potential intervention strategy against this EBV-associated malignancy.

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“…Lytic infection revolves around amplification of the viral genome and creation of structural proteins as well as viral capsids. Such structural proteins and expansion of viral elements is key for infecting other cells ( 42 ). Transition from latency to the lytic state is accomplished via the two transcription factors ZEBRA, also known as BZLF1 or Zta, and Rta, also known as BRLF1 ( 43 ).…”

Section: Overview Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival

Sausen,

Poirier,

Spiers

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent oncogenic virus estimated to infect greater than 90% of the world’s population. Following initial infection, it establishes latency in host B cells. EBV has developed a multitude of techniques to avoid detection by the host immune system and establish lifelong infection. T cells, as important contributors to cell-mediated immunity, make an attractive target for these immunoevasive strategies. Indeed, EBV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate T cell responses. For example, it can augment expression of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which inhibits T cell function, and downregulates the interferon response, which has a strong impact on T cell regulation. It also modulates interleukin secretion and can influence major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and presentation. In addition to facilitating persistent EBV infection, these immunoregulatory mechanisms have significant implications for evasion of the immune response by tumor cells. This review dissects the mechanisms through which EBV avoids detection by host T cells and discusses how these mechanisms play into tumor survival. It concludes with an overview of cancer treatments targeting T cells in the setting of EBV-associated malignancy.

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The lytic phase of Epstein–Barr virus plays an important role in tumorigenesis

Cited by 5 publications

References 85 publications

Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos

Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos

The role of Epstein–Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Mechanisms of T cell evasion by Epstein-Barr virus and implications for tumor survival

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