The magic-bead concept: an integrated approach to nitrogen removal with co-immobilized micro-organisms

Kinetics, diffusional limitation and microscale distribution of chemistry and organisms in a CANON reactor

“…5) data show that aerobic ammonia oxidation by N. europaea affiliated bacteria was limited to an oxic <0.1 mm thin surface layer of the CANON reactor aggregates, and that anaerobic ammonia oxidation by anammox bacteria occurred in the deeper anoxic layers. The CANON reactor granules thus functioned according to the “magic bead concept”[29], where one aggregate can mediate two types of reactions based on differences in chemical conditions at the periphery and in the aggregate center. This pronounced stratification of organisms and reactions is different from the spatial distribution of organisms in a rotating biological contractor operated at oxygen‐limited conditions analyzed by Pynaert et al[7] where both aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria were found throughout the biofilm.…”

Distribution of Nitrosomonas europaea and Paracoccus denitrificans Immobilized in Tubular Polymeric Gel for Nitrogen Removal

“…In such arrangements, only the surfaces of the carriers or beads have activity, because substrates and oxygen for the immobilized cells are supplied only from the surface (11,16,17,23,25,31). Recently, however, improved methods were described whereby the oxygen-rich surface of a gel was used to mediate aerobic reactions, while the oxygenpoor interior was used for anaerobic reactions (7,8,13,15,26).…”

Ca-Alginate Liquid Core Capsule for Lactobacili Fermentation

“…On the other hand, the liquid core capsule could allow co-immobilization of two (or more) biocatalysts for lactic acid fermentation using complex media like agricultural resources, food waste, agricultural waste, and industrial waste (Oh et al 2005;Akerberg and Zacchi 2000), in similar manner that have been conducted using solid core capsules for the denitrification process (Dos Santos et al 1996). There is an additional pre-treatment of the complex media is usually required to degrade impurities in the media and/or to produce fermentable sugar via saccharification for subsequent lactic acid fermentation (Zhang et al 2007;Ohkouchi and Inoue 2006;Oh et al 2005;Sakai et al 2004;Akerberg and Zacchi 2000).…”