The Magnitude of the 39.8 ka Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption, Italy: Method, Uncertainties and Errors

Silleni, Aurora; Giordano, Guido; Isaia, Roberto; Ort, Michael H.

doi:10.3389/feart.2020.543399

Cited by 37 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(302 reference statements)

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“…The most distal occurrences of the ash are in Russia, more than 2500 km from the caldera (Pyle et al 2006). The total volume of the eruption has been estimated to be between 181 and 265 km 3 by combining fallout estimates that were modelled using the Fall3D dispersal numerical code (Costa et al 2012;Marti et al 2016) with volumes of the PDCs (Silleni et al 2020). These volumes correspond to M7.7-7.8 and confirm that the CI is the largest eruption from a European volcano in at least 200 ka.…”

Section: Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 73%

“…A Plinian eruption column was generated during the first phase of the eruption and it dispersed ash to the E and SE (Rosi et al 1999). This was followed by emplacement of many voluminous PDCs; some of which travelled more than 100 km from vent and topped topographic barriers that exceeded 900 m (Barberi et al 1978;Silleni et al 2020). The deposits of an early PDC unit are welded close to the vent, forming the distinctive Piperno facies that has abundant fiamme.…”

Section: Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 99%

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The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy)

et al. 2021

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The Campi Flegrei volcano (or Phlegraean Fields), Campania, Italy, generated the largest eruption in Europe in at least 200 ka. Here we summarise the volcanic and human history of Campi Flegrei and discuss the interactions between humans and the environment within the “burning fields” from around 10,000 years until the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption and more recent times. The region’s incredibly rich written history documents how the landscape changed both naturally and anthropogenically, with the volcanic system fuelling these considerable natural changes. Humans have exploited the beautiful landscape, accessible resources (e.g. volcanic ash for pulvis puteolana mortar) and natural thermal springs associated with the volcano for millennia, but they have also endured the downsides of living in a volcanically active region—earthquakes, significant ground deformation and landscape altering eruptions. The pre-historic record is detailed, and various archaeological sites indicate that the region was certainly occupied in the last 10,000 years. This history has been reconstructed by identifying archaeological finds in sequences that often contain ash (tephra) layers from some of the numerous volcanic eruptions from Campi Flegrei and the other volcanoes in the region that were active at the time (Vesuvius and Ischia). These tephra layers provide both a relative and absolute chronology and allow the archaeology to be placed on a relatively precise timescale. The records testify that people have inhabited the area even when Campi Flegrei was particularly active. The archaeological sequences and outcrops of pyroclastic material preserve details about the eruption dynamics, buildings from Roman times, impressive craters that now host volcanic lakes and nature reserves, all of which make this region particularly mystic and fascinating, especially when we observe how society continues to live within the active caldera system. The volcanic activity and long record of occupation and use of volcanic resources in the region make it unique and here we outline key aspects of its geoheritage.

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Section: Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Campi Flegreimentioning

confidence: 99%

The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy)

et al. 2021

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“…This will locally result in negative gradients of the topological aspect ratio and competence ratio for juvenile and lithic clasts and in a decrease of the emplacement temperature with longitudinal distance (Table 2). This facies has been recognized for Colli Albani RED, whereas Energy facies 1, 2 and 3 have been recognized for Mount Báez et al, 2015; Pelée and the Campanian Ignimbrite (Wright et al, 2016;Giordano & Doronzo, 2017;Silleni et al, 2020; see Table 1).…”

Section: Energy Faciesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Energy facies: A global view of pyroclastic currents from vent to deposit

2021

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Pyroclastic currents are described as gravity currents, and the classic conceptual model gives a first-order importance to the density of such currents. This directs quantitative models to assume specific flow structures (shallow water or equilibrium turbulent boundary layer), which may apply to restricted volcanic areas independently of source dynamics or may correspond to source dynamics separate from topographic interaction. The recent introduction of two end-members of pyroclastic currents, inertial and forced, is further developed here, leading to a global conceptual model in which source dynamics and topographic interaction are both taken into account. The concept of energy facies is defined here as the ensemble of the firstorder indicators of pyroclastic currents (topological aspect ratio, competence ratio and emplacement temperature) that are proxies of the energy of such currents. Nine energy facies are introduced with general applicability and with the goal to globally characterize pyroclastic currents from vent to deposit.

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“…The CI, emplaced during a catastrophic explosive event having a magnitude of 7.2 [68], is considered the most powerful eruption ever to occur in the Neapolitan area. The CI Plinian eruption emplaced a large volume (~80 to 300 km 3 dense rock equivalent; [68][69][70][71]) of pyroclastic fall and pyroclasticdensity-current products, which resulted in a very complex sequence in proximal, medial and distal outcrops [69,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78], as well as a co-ignimbrite ash fall dispersed in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and eastern Europe (e.g., [75,79,80]). Post-CI/pre-NYT volcanic activity was confined inside the CI caldera and the majority of the eruptions were produced by explosive, mostly hydromagmatic activity [66].…”

Section: The Campi Flegrei Volcanic Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral-Melt Equilibria and Geothermobarometry of Campi Flegrei Magmas: Inferences for Magma Storage Conditions

et al. 2022

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The eruptions of Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy), one of the most studied and dangerous active volcanic areas of the world, are fed by mildly potassic alkaline magmas, from shoshonite to trachyte and phonotrachyte. Petrological investigations carried out in past decades on Campi Flegrei rocks provide crucial information for understanding differentiation processes in its magmatic system. However, the compositional features of rocks are a palimpsest of many processes acting over timescales of 100–104 years, including crystal entrapment from multiple reservoirs with different magmatic histories. In this work, olivine, clinopyroxene and feldspar crystals from volcanic rocks related to the entire period of Campi Flegrei’s volcanic activity are checked for equilibrium with combined and possibly more rigorous tests than those commonly used in previous works (e.g., Fe–Mg exchange between either olivine or clinopyroxene and melt), with the aim of obtaining more robust geothermobarometric estimations for the magmas these products represent. We applied several combinations of equilibrium tests and geothermometric and geobarometric methods to a suite of rocks and related minerals spanning the period from ~59 ka to 1538 A.D. and compared the obtained results with the inferred magma storage conditions estimated in previous works through different methods. This mineral-chemistry investigation suggests that two prevalent sets of T–P (temperature–pressure) conditions, here referred to as “magmatic environments”, characterized the magma storage over the entire period of Campi Flegrei activity investigated here. These magmatic environments are ascribable to either mafic or differentiated magmas, stationing in deep and shallow reservoirs, respectively, which interacted frequently, mostly during the last 12 ka of activity. In fact, open-system magmatic processes (mixing/mingling, crustal contamination, CO2 flushing) hypothesized to have occurred before several Campi Flegrei eruptions could have removed earlier-grown crystals from their equilibrium melts. Moreover, our new results indicate that, in the case of complex systems such as Campi Flegrei’s, in which different pre-eruptive processes can modify the equilibrium composition of the crystals, one single geothermobarometric method offers little chance to constrain the magma storage conditions. Conversely, combined methods yield more robust results in agreement with estimates obtained in previous independent studies based on both petrological and geophysical methods.

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The Magnitude of the 39.8 ka Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption, Italy: Method, Uncertainties and Errors

Cited by 37 publications

References 136 publications

The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy)

The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy)

Energy facies: A global view of pyroclastic currents from vent to deposit

Mineral-Melt Equilibria and Geothermobarometry of Campi Flegrei Magmas: Inferences for Magma Storage Conditions

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