The maize agricultural context in Kenya.

Muhammad, Lutta; Underwood, Evelyn; Hilbeck, Angelika; Andow, David A.

doi:10.1079/9780851998619.0021

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Plant parasitic nematodes, insects and low soil fertility are some of the important maize production constraints causing yield losses of up to 5 t ha )1 annually (Muhammad and Underwood 2004). Pratylenchus zeae, a lesion nematode, is the most economically important nematode causing up to 50% yield losses in heavily infested fields (Kimenju et al 1998;Waceke et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current average production of between 1.5 and 2 t ha )1 is far below the germplasm potential of 3-7 t ha )1 and cannot support the 2-3% per year increase in its demand (Muhammad and Underwood 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kenya, maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of income, contributing 3% gross domestic product and a cheap source of carbohydrate with an average consumption of 120-125 kg per person per annum (contributing 40-45% of total calorie consumed) (Muhammad and Underwood 2004). The current average production of between 1.5 and 2 t ha )1 is far below the germplasm potential of 3-7 t ha )1 and cannot support the 2-3% per year increase in its demand (Muhammad and Underwood 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens intercrops on Pratylenchus zeae damage and yield of maize in subsistence agriculture

et al. 2006

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Host status of four leguminous cover crops [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. (Jack bean), Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don (Sunnhemp), Lablab purpureus L. (Hyacinth bean) and Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (velvet bean)] to Pratylenchus zeae Filipjev and effects of intercropping C. ensiformis and M.pruriens with Pan5195, H627 and Emap11 maize cultivars on P. zeae population and disease severity on maize were determined in greenhouse and field tests. Pratylenchus zeae significantly (P < 0.05) reduced growth of C. ochroleuca by 36% but had no effect on C. ensiformis, M. pruriens and L. purpureus. While C. ensiformis, M. pruriens and L. purpureus reduced P. zeae population, C. ochroleuca increased it. In the greenhouse test, intercropping maize with C. ensiformis significantly (P < 0.05) improved maize growth by up to 34%, Nematode populations in the roots of maize intercropped with either C. ensiformis or M. pruriens were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by up to 32% while nematode disease severity in these intercropping systems was reduced by up to 26%. In the field test, intercropping Emap11, Pan5195 and H627 with C. ensiformis significantly (P < 0.05) increased maize grain yield by 190, 29 and 22%, respectively. Intercropping H627 with M. pruriens significantly (P < 0.05) increased maize grain yield by 12%, but grain yields of Pan5195 and Emap11 declined by 79 and 40%, respectively. Root necrosis and soil nematode populations in the C. ensiformis-maize intercrop declined by up to 50 and 30%, respectively. Under pure maize stands, soil nematode populations increased by up to 35% in 90 days relative to the initial nematode population of three nematodes g )1 of fresh soil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens intercrops on Pratylenchus zeae damage and yield of maize in subsistence agriculture

et al. 2006

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“…Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils (Muhammad & Underwood, 2004). Unfortunately, most improved maize germplasm and landraces used by farmers are sensitive to high Al (> 20% saturation), found in many Kenyan acid soils (Ligeyo, 2007;Schulze & Santana, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus Sorption and Lime Requirements of Maize Growing Acid Soils of Kenya

Kisinyo¹,

Othieno²,

Gudu³

et al. 2013

SAR

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In Kenya, maize (Zea mays L.) is mainly grown on acid soils in high rainfall areas. These soils are known for low available phosphorus (P), partly due to its sorption by aluminium (Al) and iron oxides. The study determined soil P sorption, lime requirements and the effects of lime on soil pH, Al levels and available P on the main maize growing acids soils in the highlands east and west of Rift Valley (RV), Kenya. Burnt lime containing 21% calcium oxide was used. The soils were strongly to extremely acid (pH 4.85-4.07), had high exchangeable Al 3+ (> 2 cmol Al kg -1 ) and Al saturation (> 20% Al), which most maize germplasm grown in Kenya are sensitive to. The base cations, cation exchange capacity and available P (< 10 mg P kg -1 bicarbonate extractable P) were low, except at one site in the highlands east of RV indicative with history of high fertilizer applications. Highlands east of RV soils had higher P sorption (343-402 mg P kg -1 ) than the west (107-258 mg P kg -1), probably because of their high Al 3+ ions and also the energies of bonding between the soil colloids and phosphate ions. Highlands east of RV also had higher lime requirements (11.4-21.9 tons lime ha -1 ) than the west (5.3-9.8 tons lime ha -1 ). Due to differences in soil acidity, Al levels and P sorption capacities within and between highlands east and west of RV, blanket P fertilizer and lime recommendations may not serve all soils equally well.

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“…Sesamia calamistis is probably the most widely distributed stem borer species in Africa. It occurs throughout sub‐Saharan Africa from the coast up to 2400 m above sea level (Polaszek & Khan, 1998; Muhammad & Underwood, 2004). It often occurs in mixed populations with other stem borers and together with B. fusca and Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are the three indigenous economically important borer species on maize.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Bt maize on Sesamia calamistis in South Africa

Berg¹,

Wyk

2006

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Bt maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) expressing Cry 1Ab insecticidal proteins was introduced for control of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South Africa after its development for control of crambid borers in North America. In the light of the reportedly lower toxicity of Bt maize to certain Noctuidae borers, the effect of Bt maize was evaluated on Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The characteristic larval behaviour of S. calamistis may result in reduced exposure to Bt toxin and subsequent high levels of survival. Larvae do not feed on plant whorls like other borer species but penetrate stems directly from behind leaf sheaths where eggs are laid. Greenhouse and laboratory bioassays were done with three Bt maize hybrids and their iso‐hybrids. ‘Whole plant methods’ were used and potted plants artificially infested with eggs or larvae and survival recorded over time. Larval survival was also determined on different plant parts (whorls, stems, tillers, and ears) over time. Bt maize was shown to be highly toxic to S. calamistis. No larvae survived longer than 12–18 days on Bt maize plants in any of the experiments. Adults did not differentiate between Bt and non‐Bt plants in oviposition choice experiments. Sesamia calamistis is polyphagous and occurs in mixed populations with other borer species with which it shares many parasitoid species in Africa. The ecological impact of local extinction of S. calamistis caused by this highly effective transgenic event is therefore not expected to be great.

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The maize agricultural context in Kenya.

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens intercrops on Pratylenchus zeae damage and yield of maize in subsistence agriculture

Effects of Canavalia ensiformis and Mucuna pruriens intercrops on Pratylenchus zeae damage and yield of maize in subsistence agriculture

Phosphorus Sorption and Lime Requirements of Maize Growing Acid Soils of Kenya

The effect of Bt maize on Sesamia calamistis in South Africa

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