The mammalian pituitary intermediate lobe: an update on innervation and regulation

Saland, L.C.

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(01)00471-3

Cited by 57 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Similar decreases in circulating a-MSH were observed in critically ill patients without neurologic injury (Catania et al, 2000;Todd et al, 2009). Secretion of a-MSH from the pars intermedia is under hypothalamic control; release is tonically inhibited by dopamine and g-amino butyric acid (Saland, 2001). There are a multitude of possible feedback loops which might result in decreased a-MSH secretion, but little attention has been paid to the feedback inhibition by a-MSH itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-MSH: A Potential Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Agent for the Treatment of Stroke

Savos

Gee

Zierath

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a neuropeptide with profound immunomodulatory properties; we evaluated the effects of a-MSH on stroke outcome and its ability to modulate the postischemic immune response. In Lewis rats subjected to 3 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), plasma concentrations of a-MSH rapidly decreased and returned to baseline over the course of days. Exogenous administration of a-MSH (100 or 500 lg/kg) improved 24 hour outcome in animals subjected to 2 hours MCAO; a-MSH 500 lg/kg also decreased infarct volume at this time point. Both doses of a-MSH were ineffective in improving outcome or decreasing infarct volume in animals subjected to 3 hours MCAO. The splenocyte response to phytohemagglutin in animals treated with a-MSH was attenuated at 24 hours after MCAO. At 1 month after MCAO, treatment with a-MSH 500 lg/kg at the time of stoke was associated with a decrease in TH1 response to myelin basic protein (MBP) in animals subjected to 2 hours MCAO, although treatment was not associated with improved outcome at this time point. Given the early benefits of a-MSH treatment and its effect on immunologic outcome, further studies to evaluate the utility of a-MSH for the treatment of cerebral ischemia are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-MSH: A Potential Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Agent for the Treatment of Stroke

Savos

Gee

Zierath

et al. 2010

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…This POMC processing is different from that in the pars anterior, where predominantly ACTH and β-endorphin are released. Also, in adult humans the pars intermedia has undergone involution (Saland, 2001). Negative feedback of corticosteroids occurs via GRs in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the pituitary gland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal gland axis regulation in the expanded CGG-repeat mouse model for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Brouwer

Severijnen

Jong

et al. 2008

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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The human FMR1 gene contains an unstable CGG-repeat in its 5′ untranslated region. The repeat length in the normal population is polymorphic (5-54 CGG-repeats). Individuals carrying lengths beyond 200 CGGs (i.e. the full mutation) show hypermethylation and as a consequence gene silencing of the FMR1 gene. The absence of the gene product FMRP causes the fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited form of mental retardation. Elderly carriers of the premutation (PM), which is defined as a repeat length between 55-200 CGGs, can develop a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome: fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The high FMR1 mRNA levels observed in cells from PM carriers have led to the hypothesis that FXTAS is caused by a pathogenic RNA gain-of-function mechanism. Apart from tremor/ataxia, specific psychiatric symptoms have been described in PM carriers with or without FXTAS. Since these symptoms could arise from elevated stress hormone levels, we investigated hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation using a knock-in mouse model with an expanded CGGrepeat in the PM range (>98 repeats) in the Fmr1 gene, which shows repeat instability, and displays biochemical, phenotypic and neuropathological characteristics of FXTAS. We show elevated levels of corticosterone in serum and ubiquitin-positive inclusions in both the pituitary and adrenal gland of 100-week old animals. In addition, we demonstrate ubiquitin-positive © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Financial disclosuresWe declare no conflict of interest. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript inclusions in the amygdala from aged expanded CGG-repeat mice. We hypothesize that altered regulation of the HPA axis and the amygdala and higher stress hormone levels in the mouse model for FXTAS may explain associated psychological symptoms in humans.

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“…6B). The intermediate lobe of the pituitary contains melanotrophs that produce alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin and whose role in mammalian physiology remains poorly understood (Mains and Eipper 1979;Saland 2001), while the glomerular layer of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone and is involved in the regulation of salt homoeostasis (Connell and Davies 2005). In the heart, augurin mRNA localizes to a distinct set of cells that lie on either side of the ventricular valve and are likely to contribute to the cardiac conduction system.…”

Section: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press On May 9 2018 -Publishementioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of novel peptide hormones in the human proteome by hidden Markov model screening

Mirabeau¹,

Perlas²,

Severini³

et al. 2007

Genome Res.

255

254

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Peptide hormones are small, processed, and secreted peptides that signal via membrane receptors and play critical roles in normal and pathological physiology. The search for novel peptide hormones has been hampered by their small size, low or restricted expression, and lack of sequence similarity. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a bioinformatics search tool based on the hidden Markov model formalism that uses several peptide hormone sequence features to estimate the likelihood that a protein contains a processed and secreted peptide of this class. Application of this tool to an alignment of mammalian proteomes ranked 90% of known peptide hormones among the top 300 proteins. An analysis of the top scoring hypothetical and poorly annotated human proteins identified two novel candidate peptide hormones. Biochemical analysis of the two candidates, which we called spexin and augurin, showed that both were localized to secretory granules in a transfected pancreatic cell line and were recovered from the cell supernatant. Spexin was expressed in the submucosal layer of the mouse esophagus and stomach, and a predicted peptide from the spexin precursor induced muscle contraction in a rat stomach explant assay. Augurin was specifically expressed in mouse endocrine tissues, including pituitary and adrenal gland, choroid plexus, and the atrio-ventricular node of the heart. Our findings demonstrate the utility of a bioinformatics approach to identify novel biologically active peptides. Peptide hormones and their receptors are important diagnostic and therapeutic targets, and our results suggest that spexin and augurin are novel peptide hormones likely to be involved in physiological homeostasis.

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The mammalian pituitary intermediate lobe: an update on innervation and regulation

Cited by 57 publications

References 87 publications

α-MSH: A Potential Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Agent for the Treatment of Stroke

α-MSH: A Potential Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Agent for the Treatment of Stroke

Altered hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal gland axis regulation in the expanded CGG-repeat mouse model for fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome

Identification of novel peptide hormones in the human proteome by hidden Markov model screening

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