The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective.

Helms, Janet E.; Jernigan, Maryam M.; Mascher, Jackquelyn

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.27

Cited by 532 publications

(356 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Recently, the utility of ethnic0racial categories as an explanatory construct in behavioral science research has been questioned because these categories lack consensual scientific meaning in psychology (Helms et al, 2005). Replacing racial categories with conceptual constructs has been recommended.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

Ryan

Baird

Mindt

et al. 2005

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Educational attainment is an important factor in the interpretation of cognitive test scores but years of education are not necessarily synonymous with educational quality among racial0ethnic minority populations. This study investigated the comparability of educational attainment with reading level and examined whether discrepancies in education and reading level accounted for differences in neuropsychological test performance between HIV1 racial0ethnic minority and nonminority participants. Study participants (N 5 200) were derived from the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank (MHBB) where 50% of the cohort had Յ8th grade reading level but only 5% had Յ8 years of education. Significantly lower reading ability and education was found among African Americans and Hispanics, and these participants were more likely to have discrepant reading and education levels compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Discrepancy in reading and education level was associated with worse neuropsychological performance while racial0ethnic minority status was not. As years of schooling overestimated racial0ethnic minority participants' educational quality, standard norms based on education may inflate impairment rates among racial0ethnic minorities. Identifying appropriate normative standards is and will continue to be important in the detection of cognitive impairment in racial0ethnic minorities with HIV. (JINS, 2005, 11, 889-898.)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

Ryan

Baird

Mindt

et al. 2005

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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show abstract

“…It would be incorrect to assume that differences are caused by an abstraction called "race;" ultimately, they must be caused by some psychologically potent variables associated with race. Race and ethnicity can be problematic variables in research, as the terms may have different meanings in different situations (Helms, Jernigan, & Mascher, 2005). Although we use "race" in this study to distinguish between "Black" and "White" participants, it should be noted that these groups could just as easily be described in terms of ethnic group or ethnic identity.…”

Section: Causes Of Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of race and racial priming on self-report of contamination anxiety

Williams¹,

Turkheimer²,

Magee³

et al. 2008

Personality and Individual Differences

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African Americans show unusually high endorsement rates on self-report measures of contamination anxiety. The purpose of this study was to replicate this finding in a nationally representative sample and conduct a randomized experiment to determine the effect of salience of race as a causal factor. Black and White participants were given contamination items from two popular measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder, half prior to being primed about ethnic identity and half after being primed, via the administration of an ethnic identity measure. The experiment took the form of a 2 (Black and White participant) X 2 (ethnicity salient and ethnicity non-salient) double-blind design, with ethnic saliency assigned at random by computer. Participants consisted of a geographically representative US sample of African Americans supplemented with a similar sample of European Americans (N=258). Black participants scored significantly higher than White participants on contamination scales. Participants from Southern states scored higher than those from other regions. Over-endorsements by Black participants were greater when awareness of ethnic and racial identification was increased. Clinical and research implications were discussed; these measures should be used with caution in African Americans.

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“…As Helms, Jernigan, and Mascher (2005) have emphasized, it would be incorrect to assume that differences are caused by an abstraction called "race;" ultimately, they must be caused by some psychologically potent variables that are associated with race. Race and ethnicity can be problematic variables in research, as the terms may have different meanings in different situations.…”

Section: Causes Of Black-white Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and explanation of racial differences on contamination measures

Williams

Turkheimer

2007

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Compared to published norms, African Americans endorse significantly more items intended to assess pathological anxiety about contamination on self-report instruments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. The current study suggests this is not due to greater psychopathology in African Americans, but rather to differences in normal attitudes about cleanliness that also influence responses to items intended to assess anxiety pathology. Contamination items from OCD scales including the Padua Inventory (Behav Res Ther. 26:2 (1988) 169) were supplemented with cleanliness attitude items and administered to Black and White participants (N=1483). An exploratory factor analysis suggested a three-factor solution: one factor that encompassed pathological anxiety, and two that expressed attitudes about cleanliness, grooming, and domestic animals. African Americans scored significantly higher on all three factors. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the difference between Black and White participants on the pathological anxiety factor was eliminated when differences on the attitude factors were controlled statistically.

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The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective.

Cited by 532 publications

References 27 publications

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

Neuropsychological impairment in racial/ethnic minorities with HIV infection and low literacy levels: Effects of education and reading level in participant characterization

The effects of race and racial priming on self-report of contamination anxiety

Identification and explanation of racial differences on contamination measures

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