The Measurement of 1 min Rain Rates from Weighing Raingage Recordings

Bodtmann, W. F.; Ruthroff, C. L.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<1160:tmomrr>2.0.co;2

Cited by 16 publications

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“…It is realized that for short time intervals some inaccuracy is thus introduced into the intensity data computed as a quotient of two quantities relative to which the above errors may be large. Bodtmann and Ruthroff (1976) have shown that the resulting noise causes the distribution of intensities to be shifted toward the higher values. This effect is strongest for very short durations; hence it involves relatively small amounts of rain only.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more widely applicable approach has been adopted by Bodtmann and Ruthroff (1976) for the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey, U.S.A. They devised a correction technique for rain-chart data which enabled them to use the extensive data available from official rainfall recorders in order to obtain accurate results on the highest rainfall rates, especially above 150 mm/h.…”

Section: Various Approaches To the Study Of Rain Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The distribution of rainfall intensity in Israel, its regional and seasonal variations and its climatological evaluation

1986

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A large body of data has been used to study the distribution of instantaneous rainfall intensity in Israel and its variations in space and in time. Time resolution is k3 minutes. Besides the direct uses that the numerical results may have for practical purposes, the results have been used here to characterize rainfall in a climatologically more meaningful way. This includes reference to the atmospheric processes and surface-conditioned effects that influence rainfall formation, and the identification of regional and seasonal variations in these processes. Thus, it has been shown that contrary to prevalent views, orographic rainfall in Israel is characterized by low intensity, apparently resulting from a continuous advection of moist air through a zone of gradual topographically forced uplifting.In the presentation of results, emphasis has been put also on the significance of results from the point of view of rain-conditioned processes occurring on the earth surface, such as in hydrology, geomorphology, etc. In this context, the water yield from high intensity rainfall has been shown to reflect a high degree of concentration, both areally (through convergence in the atmosphere and run-off processes on the ground surface) and in time (in warm seasons and in certain parts of the day). These features, as well as the relative frequency of high-intensity rains itself, has been shown to be more pronounced in the arid Negev than in the more humid parts of the country. This explains at least in part the increased uncertainty characterizing rainfall in the arid zone.KEY WORDS Rainfall intensity Regional and seasonal variations of rainfall intensity Orographic effect on rainfall Arid zone rainfallRainfall intensity is one of the three major features used to characterize rainfall, along with its accumulated depth (in mm) and its duration or frequency (in hours or days per year). However, as it is a more complex variable than depth or duration, standard rainfall statistics rarely contain information on intensity even where appropriate observations are available. On the other hand, intensity is in many ways a more meaningful characteristic of rainfall than the other parameters. From the general climatological point of view, rainfall intensity is meaningful in terms of the rainfall types prevalent in given regions and/or seasons and of the synoptic and physical processes leading to it. In addition, intensity determines the effectiveness of rainfall from the point of view of hydrological, erosional and biotic processes taking place on the earth surface on various scales, and its contribution to the water budget in various domains, e.g. the soil profile, an ecological niche, a watershed, etc. Thus, detailed information on rainfall intensities is useful in a number of fields in the earth sciences.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Various Approaches To the Study Of Rain Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of rainfall intensity in Israel, its regional and seasonal variations and its climatological evaluation

1986

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“…Manual processing of charts is a formidable task. Bodtmann and Ruthroff (1976) name two major obstacles in the derivation of accurate rainfall intensities from weighing rain gage measurements. The desired rain rate is a derivative of the recorded depth of water as a function of time but the computation of derivatives by taking differences of measured data (especially the time-of-tip from a tipping bucket) is notoriously inaccurate.…”

Section: Measurement Of Rainfall Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 1-minute rainfall intensity may also be expressed as a power function of the 5-minute intensity, with site specific regression coefficients (Segal, 1986). Bodtmann and Ruthroff (1976) developed a procedure that was modified by Tattelman and Knight (1988) to determine 1-minute rain rates from digitized strip charts as a result of weighing rain gages. A time series was developed by interpolation for each 0.5-minute period.…”

Section: Measurement Of Rainfall Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation

1996

Hydrology Handbook

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“…6 shows the quality of the fit for the 100 mm/hr threshold. Comparison of TTI from measured data and results from the equations of Table 2 for the 1 O0 mm/hr threshold Bodtmann and Ruthroff [ 15 ] developed a procedure which uses equally spaced observations in time to estimate 1 min rates from weighing raingage recordings at 20 cities. Yet, the equations can be useful as a first approximation.…”

Section: Climatological Frequencies For Individual Locationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme rainfall intensities

Hershfield

1984

Arch. Met. Geoph. Biocl., Ser. B

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Statistics of the total time, in minutes, that extreme rainfall rates are exceeded were computed from weighing raingage records at stations in several rainfall regimes. The results are presented on maps, frequency diagrams and as analytical expressions. Measures of areal variability were calculated from data at seven stations within an 8 km 2 area. The total-time-intensity data have only an imprecise relationship to clock-hour frequencies, the shortest duration rainfall data published regularly. Zusammenfassung Extreme Niederschlagsintensit~itenStatistiken der Gesamtzeit in Minuten, in der extreme Niederschlagsmengen tiberschritten waren, wurden aus Niederschlagsregistrierungen in verschiedenen Niederschlagssystemen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse werden in Karten, in H~iufigkeitsdiagrammen und in analytischen Ausdrticken dargestellt. Verh'altnisse der r/iumlichen Variabilit~it warden aus Daten an sieben Stationen in einem etwa 8 km 2 grot~en Gebiet errechnet. Die Gesamtzeitintensitgten (TTI) haben nut eine ungenaue Beziehung zu stiindlichen H/iufigkeiten.

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The Measurement of 1 min Rain Rates from Weighing Raingage Recordings

Cited by 16 publications

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The distribution of rainfall intensity in Israel, its regional and seasonal variations and its climatological evaluation

The distribution of rainfall intensity in Israel, its regional and seasonal variations and its climatological evaluation

Precipitation

Extreme rainfall intensities

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