The outage time on short radio paths at frequencies above 10 GHz can be estimated from distributions of point rain rates derived from U. S. Weather Service rain gauge charts. In this paper, a previous theory is extended to include the effects of path length and frequency. Experimental corroboration is presented for three locations on the east coast of the United States, and the design of short radio paths is illustrated by examples. One‐minute rain rate distributions for 20 locations are also included.

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Hybrid integration of microwave and millimeter wave circuits is essential for achieving future communication objectives in radio systems. Hybrid integrated circuits are circuits which are manufactured on a single planar substrate. Passive elements are fabricated by partial metallization of the substrate; active devices are inserted by bonding semiconductor diodes or bulk devices to the metal conductors. We discuss the electrical properties of passive line elements on insulating substrates. We also compare the design formulas given with measurements made at 30 GHz, and present the results obtained at 80 GHz with wideband transitions from waveguide to microstrip and the measurements obtained with microstrip IMPATT oscillators and high order varactor multipliers in the same frequency range. There are advantages of scaling for building hybrid integrated circuits which we discuss. Oversize models can be built and tested in a relatively short time and substantial savings in turnaround time, required manpower, and cost can be achieved.

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