The Measurement of Ego Defenses in Clinical Research

Conte, Hope R.; Plutchik, Robert; Draguns, Juris G.

doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(04)80042-6

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For example, the student's avoidance of interacting with other individuals may succeed in their lessons. This concept referred to as the compensation defense (Conte & Plutchik, 1993) in the psychoanalytic literature, is not the focus of this study. This study focused on the decrease in the academic motivation of individuals with a high fear of negative evaluation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation

Toprak,

Metin,

Ünalan

2023

Psychology in the Schools

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Studies showed that fear of negative evaluation of students may affect their academic motivation. However, which variables mediate between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation is unclear. This study aims to explore the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation in adolescents. A correlational design was used to examine this relationship. A total of 2085 adolescents ages 13–14 (65% female) participated in this study. The data were collected via self‐report screening tools, including a personal information form, Academic Motivation Scale, Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Critical Thinking Scale. The findings revealed a moderate negative correlation between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation (r = −.49), and cognitive flexibility and critical thinking also partially mediate. This model explains approximately 41% of the total variance. Despite some limitations, our study provides partial evidence of the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation. More research is needed to develop the model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation

Toprak,

Metin,

Ünalan

2023

Psychology in the Schools

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“…According to this theory, defense mechanisms are unconscious per se but will be reflected in people's reports of their emotions. An elaborated circumplex model has been presented by Conte and Plutchik (1993), where the relation between defense mechanisms, emotions, and personality disorders is specified. The revised version of LSI (Plutchik & Conte, 1989) was employed here, consisting of 97 items to which the participant has to respond whether the item statement applies to him or her ( yes ) or not ( no ).…”

Section: Defense Mechanism Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The empirical support for the LSI has been somewhat contradictory as regards reliability and validity (cf. Conte & Plutchik, 1993;Davidson & McGregor, 1998;Endresen, 1991;Olff & Endresen, 1991;Plutchik et al ., 1979).…”

Section: Defense Mechanism Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirical look at the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT): Reliability and construct validity

Ekehammar¹,

Zuber²,

Konstenius³

2005

Scandinavian J Psychology

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Although the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT) has been in use for almost half a century, there are still quite contradictory views about whether it is a reliable instrument, and if so, what it really measures. Thus, based on data from 39 female students, we first examined DMT inter-coder reliability by analyzing the agreement among trained judges in their coding of the same DMT protocols. Second, we constructed a "parallel" photographic picture that retained all structural characteristic of the original and analyzed DMT parallel-test reliability. Third, we examined the construct validity of the DMT by (a) employing three self-report defense-mechanism inventories and analyzing the intercorrelations between DMT defense scores and corresponding defenses in these instruments, (b) studying the relationships between DMT responses and scores on trait and state anxiety, and (c) relating DMT-defense scores to measures of self-esteem. The main results showed that the DMT can be coded with high reliability by trained coders, that the parallel-test reliability is unsatisfactory compared to traditional psychometric standards, that there is a certain generalizability in the number of perceptual distortions that people display from one picture to another, and that the construct validations provided meager empirical evidence for the conclusion that the DMT measures what it purports to measure, that is, psychological defense mechanisms.

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Defense mechanisms development in typical children

Tallandini

Caudek

2010

Psychotherapy Research

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The defense mechanisms (DMs) of 103 nonreferred children ages 47 to 102 months were assessed through dollhouse play. The authors measured the children's temperament (Temperament Assessment Battery for Children-Teacher Form [TABC]) and verbal capacities (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). Four main findings were derived: (1) DM use decreased with age with different developmental trajectories; (2) regression, displacement, and reaction formation were more frequent in girls and denial more frequent in boys; (3) the number of DMs used was negatively associated with the TABC Adaptability score and positively with the TABC Approach/Withdrawal score; and (4) children who used rationalization and did not use identification and suppression scored better on verbal capacities.

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The Measurement of Ego Defenses in Clinical Research

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

The mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation

The mediating role of cognitive flexibility and critical thinking in the relationship between academic motivation and fear of negative evaluation

An empirical look at the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT): Reliability and construct validity

Defense mechanisms development in typical children

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