“…Although the cause and pathogenesis of OLP remain unclear, previous studies have clarified that its aetiology includes stress, hypersensitivity, immune response, viral and bacterial infections (Cheng, Gould, Kurago, Fantasia, & Muller, ; Jaafari‐Ashkavandi, Mardani, Pardis, & Amanpour, ). Moreover, inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP, such as tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL‐6) and IL‐17 (Gueiros et al, ; Kara, ; Mozaffari, Sharifi, & Sadeghi, ).…”