The Measurement of the Thermal Expansion of Single Crystals of Tin by an Interferometric Method

Length-dependent melting behavior of Sn nanowires

“…17 The TEC of tin along the [001] direction was reported approximately two times as the TEC of tin along the [010] direction due to the anisotropy of the tetragonal lattice structure along the a and c directions. 17,18 The varying TEC with temperature is related to the mosaic imperfection and Schottky defects of the crystal. With increased temperature, the increase in Schottky defect and the lattice expansion contribute to the macroscopic expansion; however, the mosaic blocks adjust the orientation and realign at high temperature, which can result in the decrease of the expansion.…”

A self-consistent model to describe the temperature dependence of the bulk modulus, thermal expansion and molar volume compatible with 3rd generation CALPHAD databases

“…The experimental data relative to the molar volume [59,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82], thermal expansion coefficient [79,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92], and bulk modulus [93,75,84,[94][95][96][97][98][99] of β-Sn are reviewed in Table 2. Several clarifications are given as follows regarding the treatment of those data.…”

Equilibration kinetics of TiO2 single crystal at elevated temperatures

“…The diffusional flux J under a chemical potential gradient is determined by the concentration gradient of the diffusing components, where ∂ c /∂ x is the concentration gradient of the defects involved in the transport during equilibration. Therefore, D chem is the rate constant for equilibration, which includes both ionic and electronic defects 6, 7. When defects are isolated, and do not interact, the system is treated as an ideal solid solution of defects and so D chem is independent of nonstoichiometry, as in the case of NiO 14.…”

“…The data for D chem may be used to prepare TiO 2– x of controlled x to yield desired semiconducting properties 6, 7, 16. Figure 2 also includes the D chem determined under similar conditions for polycrystalline TiO 2– x by Burg 21 and the diffusion data determined in the present work at 1273 K. While these data demonstrate similar behaviors, the absolute values are different.…”

“…The latter pro‐ cess of equilibration takes place at elevated temperatures, where lattice defects are transported relatively quickly. Consequently, if a desired nonstoichiometry and defect disorder are to be imposed, the mass transport kinetics (under a chemical potential gradient) must be known 7. While the kinetics are described by the chemical diffusion coefficient, D chem , published data for D chem are contradictory and were obtained under poorly defined conditions (e.g.…”