The Measurement of Unemployment: An Empirical Approach

Jones, Stephen R.; Riddell, W. Craig

doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00007

“…The UPR is thought to better capture unemployment in populations featuring discouraged workers, who are not considered a part of the labor force and are thus excluded from the UR (Jones & Riddell, 1999). Given the economic recession in the United States in the late 1980s and early 1990s, which is the period during which lifetime asthma would have occurred in our cohort, the UPR may be a more appropriate measure than the UR in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between contextual socioeconomic factors and prevalent asthma in a cohort of Southern California school children

Shankardass

¹

,

McConnell

²

,

Milam

³

et al. 2007

Social Science & Medicine

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Spatial variation in childhood asthma and a recent increase in prevalence indicate that environmental factors play a significant role in the etiology of this important disease. Socioeconomic position (SEP) has been associated inversely and positively with childhood asthma. These contradictory results indicate a need for systematic research about SEP and asthma. Pathways have been suggested for effects of SEP on asthma at both the individual and community level. We examined the relationship of prevalent asthma to community-level indicators of SEP among 5762 children in 12 Southern California, using a multilevel random effects model. Estimates of community-level SEP were derived by summarizing census block group-level data using a novel method of weighting by the proportion of the block groups included in a community-specific bounding rectangle that contained 95% of local study subjects. Community © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Corresponding Author: shankard@usc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript characteristics included measures of male unemployment, household income, low education (i.e. no high school diploma), and poverty. There was a consistent inverse association between male unemployment and asthma across the inter-quartile range of community unemployment rates, indicating that asthma rates increase as community SEP increases. The results were robust to individual-level confounding, methods for summarizing census block group data to the community level, scale of analysis (i.e. community-level vs. neighborhood-level) and the modeling algorithm. The positive association between SEP and prevalent childhood asthma might be explained by differential access to medical care that remains unmeasured, by the hygiene hypothesis (e.g. lower SES may associate with higher protective exposures to endotoxin in early life), or by SEP acting as a proxy for unmeasured neighborhood characteristics.

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“…The distinction between being "unemployed" and "out of the labor force", for instance, is based on self-reported job-search behavior, which may range from almost nonexistent to very active (see e.g. Jones and Riddell, 1999). The distinction between employment and non-employment is perhaps not more firmly established.…”

Section: B4 How Subjective Is Involuntary Part-time Work?mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Bad is Involuntary Part-Time Work?

Borowczyk-Martins

¹

,

Lalé

²

2015

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. Terms of use: Documents inIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. We use a set of empirical and analytical tools to conduct parallel analyses of involuntary parttime work and unemployment in the U.S. labor market. In the empirical analysis, we document that the similar cyclical behavior of involuntary part-time work and unemployment masks major differences in the underlying dynamics. Unlike unemployment, variations in involuntary part-time work are mostly explained by its interaction with full-time employment, and since the Great Recession employed workers are at a greater risk of working part-time involuntarily than being unemployed. In the theoretical analysis, we show that the higher probability of regaining full-time employment is key to distinguish involuntary part-time work from unemployment from a worker's perspective. We also quantify the welfare costs of cyclical fluctuations in involuntary part-time work, and the amplification of these costs arising from the elevated levels of involuntary part-time work observed since the Great Recession.JEL Classification: E21, E32, J21

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“…is the existence of different layers of EPL for different jobs and workers, is especially acute. 12 We further examine this in the next Section.…”

Section: Flows From Employment Into Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…, 2012), so D stands as a T x1 vector of year dummies. The dependent variable h it denotes one of two different outcomes in two different regressions: in the first specification -the flow from employment to unemployment h EU it -, it takes value 1 when an employed individual becomes unemployed, and 0 when she remains employed; in the second -the flow from unemployment to employment h UE it -, h it takes value 1 when an unemployed individual 9 Moreover, as job searching is not always a precisely observed concept in labor force surveys, there is a grey area in the definition of the boundary between inactivity and unemployment that makes the identification of flows between unemployment and inactivity a bit problematic (See Jones and Riddell, 1999, 2002, and Garrido and Toharia, 2004. Active job search in the EU-LFS is defined as the fulfillment of one of the following steps to find a job: having been in contact with a public employment office to find work, whoever took the initiative (renewing registration for administrative reasons only is not an active step), having been in contact with a private agency (temporary work agency, firm specializing in recruitment, etc.)…”

Section: Measuring Flows By Socio-demographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worker Flows in the European Union During the Great Recession

Casado

¹

,

Fernández

²

,

Jimeno

³

2015

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract We measure the contribution of worker flows across employment, unemployment, and non-participation to the change in unemployment in eleven EU countries during the period 2006-2012, paying special attention to which socio-demographic groups in each of the countries were mostly affected by job creation and job destruction during the crisis. We find that age, to a larger extent than educational attainments, is the main determinant of flows from employment into unemployment, particularly in those countries where unemployment increased by most. Secondly, we highlight some institutional features of the labour market (employment protection legislation, unemployment insurance, and the incidence of active labor market policies) that help to explain the cross-country differences in flows between employment and unemployment and in their socio-demographic composition. Finally, we examine if the crisis has led to some employment reallocation across sectors, finding that, so far, there is no clear evidence in favor of cleansing effects. Terms of use: Documents in

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The Measurement of Unemployment: An Empirical Approach

Cited by 198 publications

References 22 publications

The association between contextual socioeconomic factors and prevalent asthma in a cohort of Southern California school children

The association between contextual socioeconomic factors and prevalent asthma in a cohort of Southern California school children

How Bad is Involuntary Part-Time Work?

Worker Flows in the European Union During the Great Recession

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