Using 1981Using to 2001 Census data, we study how the human capital of immigrants is rewarded in Canada. We distinguish between years of schooling and degrees obtained in order to estimate 'sheepskin' effects -the gain in earnings associated with receipt of a degree, controlling for years of schooling. We find that immigrant years of schooling and immigrant work experience accumulated before arrival is valued much less than Canadian experience of comparable natives. However, for immigrants the increase in earnings associated with completing educational programs is generally higher than that of comparable natives. We provide both signalling and human capital interpretations of this finding. JEL codes: J15, I2Education, reconnaissance des acquis et revenus des immigrants.À l'aide des données de recensement entre 1981 et 2001, on examine la façon dont le capital humain des immigrants est reconnu et rémunéré au Canada. On fait la distinction entre les années de scolarité et les grades obtenus afin de calibrer les effets du diplôme -les gains associésà l'obtention du grade après avoir pris en compte les années de scolarité. On découvre que les années de scolarité et d'expérience accumulées par les immigrants avant leur arrivée reçoivent une pondération moins grande que l'expérience comparable des Canadiens. Cependant, pour les immigrants, le fait de compléter leur programme a un effet sur l'accroissement des revenus qui est plus important que pour les Canadiens de souche. On suggère des interprétations de ces résultatsà partir de théorisations fondées sur le capital humain et la théorie des signaux.
a b s t r a c tWe examine the impact of literacy on immigrant earnings and the sources of lower returns to education and experience among immigrants. We find that the native-born literacy distribution dominates that for immigrants. However, the two groups obtain similar returns to literacy skills, contrary to discrimination-based explanations for immigrant-native-born earnings differentials. Among the university-educated, literacy differences account for about two-thirds of the earnings gap. However, low returns to foreign experience have a larger impact on this differential. Among the less educated, literacy differences and differences in the returns to experience have similar effects on the earnings differential.
We study the role of credentials or 'sheepskin effects' in the Canadian labour market. Sheepskin effects refer to increases in wages associated with the receipt of a degree after controlling for educational inputs such as years of schooling. We find strong evidence of sheepskin effects associated with graduation from high school, community college or trade school, and university. The importance of credentials increases with educational attainment, accounting for 30 per cent of the return to 16 years of schooling but more than half of returns above 16 years. Our evidence indicates that both years of schooling and degree completion influence earnings. JEL Classification: I2, J3Le rôle des certificats dans le marché du travail au Canada. Les auteurs étudient le rôle des certificats ou des «effets de parchemin» dans le marché du travail au Canada. Les effets de parchemin font référence aux augmentations de salaires associées à l'obtention d'un diplôme ou d'un grade après avoir pris en compte l'expérience éducationnelle comme les années d'éducation. On découvre des résultats probants pour ce qui est des effets de parchemin associés à l'obtention d'un diplôme d'école secondaire, de collège communautaire, d'école technique, et d'université. L'importance de la certification augmente avec le niveau d'instruction : elle compte pour 30 pourcent du rendement pour 16 années de scolarité mais pour plus de la moitié des rendements pour la scolarité au delà de ces premiers 16 ans. Les résultats indiquent que tant les années de scolarité que la certification comme telle ont un impact sur les gains.
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