The mechanical properties of the nanocrystalline layer on the surface of railway tracks

On the mechanism of squat formation on train rails – Part I: Origination

“…The microstructure is explained by dissolution of carbides in the pearlite and supersaturation of a-ferrite with carbon in the strain-exhausted top layer. Lojkowski et al [24,36] explicitly reject the idea of the WEL being formed by a phase transformation process, to be caused by excessive wheel slip and friction yielding an austenitisation temperature, and subsequent quenching. They do so based on calculations of the material state, its microstructural stability (in terms of energy) and its paths of development in stress-temperature diagrams for different contact conditions.…”

Structural refinement of low alloyed steels during severe plastic deformation

“…An industrial relevant area is the deformation layer on the surface of rails [1][2][3]. This region is the origin of all phenomena like headcecks, ratcheting, formation of white-etching layers and wear, and the understanding of the features of the severely distorted material is vitally important.…”

Nanolayers Formation at Hydrodynamic Instability Development Under the External Energy Effects

“…Ранее в работе [51] обнаружено, что в рельсах из перлитной стали при длительной эксплуатации образуются белые слои, обладающие высокой твердостью. Электронно-микроскопические исследования этих слоев показали, что их структура крайне неоднородна, размеры зерен имеют бимодальное распределение и изменяются от 20 до 500 нм [52].…”