The mechanics and morphology of branch and coppice stems in three temperate tree species

THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TROJAN FIR (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss] Coode & Cullen) SAPLINGS

“…However, nodes provide less water potential since the surface area of the nodal region is quite narrow. This morphological structure could help to prevent large cavitation, therefore, acquired greater hydraulic conductivity in this region (Zimmermann1978a, b; Zimmermann and Sperry, 1983;Lo Gullo et al, 1995;Özden and Ennos, 2018). In this study, greater node numbers at high-altitude could be explained by the variations in environmental conditions since the temperature and rainfall show great variance at high-altitude thus saplings could improve the adaptational strategy to cope with all stresses.…”

“…At highaltitude, the wind-induced loads could be also more destructive for the plant growth therefore; saplings could adapt their habitat to modify their xylem area. Greater xylem area could provide greater mechanical resistance to environmental loadings so saplings could tend to continue growth and development throughout the stem (Özden and Ennos, 2018).…”

Biological Flora of the British Isles:Aesculus hippocastanum

“…Due to its thin bark, horse‐chestnut is sensitive to forest fires (Ravazzi & Caudullo, ). However, it will freely resprout from cut stumps and coppices well, although it is not often used in coppices since the poles grow slowly in comparison with other species such as Fraxinus excelsior and they are mechanically weak (Özden & Ennos, ).…”

“…In extreme cases, this damage produces a characteristic standing trunk with few remaining branches. Horse‐chestnut is unusual in that its branches are comparatively stiff so branches fall with a clean break rather than buckling (Özden & Ennos, ). The branches are stiffer than its coppice shoots, whereas for Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior , it is the other way round; this may make the branches less flexible and more prone to snapping.…”

“…The branches are stiffer than its coppice shoots, whereas for Acer pseudoplatanus and Fraxinus excelsior , it is the other way round; this may make the branches less flexible and more prone to snapping. Branches with fewer leaf nodes are stiffer, and, due to the large, compound leaves, horse‐chestnut has a low number of leaves per length of stem (Özden & Ennos, ).…”