The Mechanics of Temporal Interference Stimulation

Cao, Jiaming; Doiron, Brent; Goswami, Chaitanya; Grover, Pulkit

doi:10.1101/2020.04.23.051870

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…From the transition from LIF to EIF it is clear that adding a non-linearity is not sufficient to achieve stimulation with the TI-signal at lower intensities than with the single sinusoidal signal. This is in agreement with Cao and Grover (2020) [16]. Moreover, by increasing the effect of the nonlinearity (∆ T ↑), it becomes clear that the gap between the thresholds of the sine and TI-signal becomes bigger.…”

Section: A If Modelssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Changing the beat frequency did not seem to have an influence on the threshold [2], [11]. To model TI-stimulation, it was found that IF-neurons are not sufficient to reproduce the experimental behaviour on single neuron level [16]. However, when IF-neurons are placed in a network and GABA b postsynaptic inhibition is included, the computational results were in line with experimental observations of TI-stimulation [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Furhter on, for single cell neurons, it is possible to have neurons exhibiting TI-stimulation when using the FitzHugh-Nagamo model and the Hodgkin-Huxley model. It was also seen that not all mammalian cells exhibit TI [15], [16]. Howell et al (2021) argues that because of the large dimensions of a human head, TI-stimulation seems unfeasible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinearities and Timescales in Temporal Interference Stimulation

Plovie

Schoeters

Tarnaud

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Objective: In temporal interference (TI) deep brain stimulation (DBS), the neurons of mice react to two interfering sinusoids with a slightly different frequency. This is called a temporal interference (TI) signal. It was previously seen that for the same input intensity, the neurons do not react to a purely sinusoidal signal. This study aims to get a better understanding into the mechanism for this, which is largely unknown. Methods: This study makes use of single compartment models to computationally simulate the response of neurons to the sinusoidal and TI-waveform. This study also compares different neuron models to get insight in which models are able to model the experimental behavior. Results: It was found that integrate-and-fire models do not reflect the experimental behavior while the Hodgkin-Huxley and Frankenhaeuer-Huxley model do reflect this behavior. It was seen that changing the characteristics of the ion gates in the Frankenhaeuser-Huxley model alters the response to both sinusoidal and TI signal. It can even make sure that the firing threshold of the sinusoidal input becomes lower than that of the TI input. Conclusion: The results show that the ion-gates have a big influence on the behavior and their characteristics can define the way the neuron reacts to sinusoidal and TI inputs. Significance: This paper makes advances both in terms of biophysical insight of the neuron as well as the insight in computational modelling of TI-stimulation.

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Section: A If Modelssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonlinearities and Timescales in Temporal Interference Stimulation

Plovie

Schoeters

Tarnaud

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…For instance, experimental findings suggest that the stimulation effects depend on time constants of axons' membrane and slow GABAergic inhibition (GABA b -type) 53 . indicating selective responsiveness depending on neuron types and properties 54 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LTP-like noninvasive striatal brain stimulation enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning in humans

Wessel

Beanato

Popa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far been possible only with invasive methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive technology that might overcome this limitation. The initial proof-of-concept was obtained through modeling, physics experiments and rodent models. Here, we show for the first time successful noninvasive neuromodulation of the striatum via tTIS in humans using computational modeling, fMRI studies and behavioral evaluations. Theta-burst patterned, LTP-like striatal tTIS increased activity in the striatum and associated motor network. Furthermore, striatal tTIS enhanced motor learning capacity, especially in healthy older participants, who have lower natural learning capacity than younger subjects. These findings suggest exciting methods for noninvasively targeting deep brain structures in humans, thus enhancing our understanding of their functional roles. Moreover, our results lay the groundwork for innovative, noninvasive treatment strategies for brain disorders, in which deep brain structures play key pathophysiological roles.

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“…The concept of tTIS was initially proposed and validated on the hippocampus of rodents 40 and was then further tested through computational modelling [42][43][44][45][46] and in first applications on cortical areas in humans 47,48 . tTIS requires two pairs of electrodes to be placed on the head, each pair delivering a high frequency alternating current.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills

Vassiliadis

Beanato

Popa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Reinforcement feedback can improve motor learning, but the underlying brain mechanisms remain unexplored. Especially, the causal contribution of specific patterns of oscillatory activity within the human striatum is unknown. To address this question, we exploited an innovative, non-invasive deep brain stimulation technique called transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) during reinforcement motor learning with concurrent neuroimaging, in a randomised, sham-controlled, double-blind study. Striatal tTIS applied at 80Hz, but not at 20Hz, abolished the benefits of reinforcement on motor learning. This effect was related to a selective modulation of neural activity within the striatum. Moreover, 80Hz, but not 20Hz, tTIS increased the neuromodulatory influence of the striatum on frontal areas involved in reinforcement motor learning. These results show for the first time that tTIS can non-invasively and selectively modulate a striatal mechanism involved in reinforcement learning, opening new horizons for the study of causal relationships between deep brain structures and human behaviour.

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The Mechanics of Temporal Interference Stimulation

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Nonlinearities and Timescales in Temporal Interference Stimulation

Nonlinearities and Timescales in Temporal Interference Stimulation

LTP-like noninvasive striatal brain stimulation enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning in humans

Non-invasive stimulation of the human striatum disrupts reinforcement learning of motor skills

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